9 available English editorial draft articles.
transcribed in Chinese with the two characters conventionally read aha. In Qing documents it may denote a servant or a person in a relationship of bondage, but it also ap
Language & ScriptBaksi was a designation used in the early Qing for individuals recognized for learning, literacy, and expertise with written languages. It appears in accounts of men such
Language & ScriptBaturu, also written batur, was a Manchu term commonly represented in Chinese sources as a designation associated with bravery, warriors, or heroic conduct. Within Qing m
Language & ScriptManchu glyphic variation refers to the phenomenon where Manchu letters may appear differently at the beginning, middle, end, and when written independently. This variatio
Language & ScriptManchu writing are integral graphic distinctions associated with the identification of particular letters. They are not merely decorative additions. In the standard histo
Language & ScriptEndangered languages refer to languages facing a continuous decline in intergenerational transmission, usage scenarios, or the number of speakers. Assessing the degre
Language & ScriptManchu writing errors refer to problems that occur during the writing of Manchu that may affect the identity of letters, spelling, word boundaries, or semantic expression
Language & ScriptManchu case inflection refers to the use of suffixes and other forms to indicate the grammatical relationships a noun or related word embodies within a sentence. Unlike m
Language & ScriptThe Jurchen script is the historical writing system used to write the Jurchen language, closely related to the Jin Dynasty and its preceding and following history. Resear
Language & ScriptLanguage extinction refers to the process by which a language no longer has a community capable of naturally using and transmitting it, or through a long-term interruptio
Language & Scriptof the graphic elements used to write the Manchu language. As a connected writing system, it cannot be adequately understood through the assumption that each letter has o
Language & ScriptManchu consonants are a distinct group of sounds in Manchu phonology, differentiated from vowels. They involve the place and manner of articulation, as well as their comb
Language & ScriptThe digitization of Manchu archives involves transforming historical Manchu documents into searchable digital resources through image acquisition, cataloging, text proces
Language & ScriptManchu grammar studies how the Manchu language uses suffixes, word order, and syntactic structure to express people, actions, time, and relationships. Manchu belongs to t
Language & ScriptManchu handwriting refers to the handwritten form of Manchu script found in letters, memorials to the throne, notes, manuscripts, and calligraphic works. While it uses th
Language & ScriptA Manchu keyboard is a collective term for keyboard layouts, input methods, and related software used to input Manchu characters on computers or mobile devices. It addres
Language & Scriptlanguage historically associated with the Manchu people. It should be distinguished from the Manchu script, the writing system used to represent it. The language possesse
Language & ScriptLearning Manchu involves a systematic understanding of its vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, script, and historical context. Learners may pursue various goals, such as
Language & ScriptManchu machine translation is a technology that uses computer models to convert Manchu text into Chinese, English, or other languages, or to attempt to convert other lang
Language & ScriptA native Manchu speaker is someone who naturally acquired Manchu during the early stages of language socialization and uses it as one of their primary family or community
Language & ScriptManchu OCR specifically refers to the use of optical character recognition technology to extract processable Manchu characters from Manchu images, scanned book pages, or
Language & ScriptManchu printing is a historical and technological activity involving the reproduction of Manchu texts using movable type, woodblock printing, or modern printing and types
Language & ScriptManchu phonetics refers to the vowels, consonants, syllable structure, stress, and related pronunciation rules of the Manchu language. Studying Manchu phonetics requires
Language & ScriptManchu pronunciation refers to the phonetic representation of Manchu words in actual speech, including vowels, consonants, syllable connections, and prosodic features oth
Language & Scripthistorically used to record the Manchu language. It is indispensable for the study of the Later Jin and Qing states, not only because it was employed in official document
Language & ScriptManchu script character recognition refers to identifying Manchu letters and word forms in images, printed texts, or handwritten materials. It is a crucial step in the in
Language & ScriptManchu stroke order refers to the habits and teaching rules governing the beginning, ending, connection, and arrangement of strokes when writing Manchu letters. It relate
Language & ScriptA Manchu syllable is a basic unit of pronunciation in the Manchu language, consisting of a vowel and possibly accompanying consonants. The Manchu writing system uses lett
Language & Scriptrenders a text written in the Manchu script in a Roman-letter or comparable notation. In scholarly practice, an important distinction must be maintained between represent
Language & ScriptManchu Unicode encoding is an international character encoding standard used to represent Manchu-related letters and symbols. Unicode addresses the unified representation
Language & ScriptManchu verbs are an important part of speech in Manchu sentences, expressing actions, processes, states, etc. Their forms depend not only on the meaning of the root word
Language & ScriptManchu vowels are the fundamental sound categories in the Manchu phonological system. Their specific classification and historical pronunciation require explanation in co
Language & ScriptManchu-Chinese translation is the linguistic practice of converting spoken or written content between Manchu and Chinese. It holds significant importance in Qing Dynasty
Language & ScriptMongolian script is one of the writing systems used to write the Mongolian language. Traditional Mongolian script uses a vertical writing style, with letters connected wi
Language & ScriptThe Möllendorff transliteration is a commonly used Latin alphabet transliteration system in Manchu language studies, named after Paul Georg von Möllendorff, a 19th-centur
Language & ScriptThe "New Manchu" generally refers to the standardized and improved Manchu script of the early Qing Dynasty, as opposed to the earlier "Old Manchu." Traditional historical
Language & ScriptOCR stands for Optical Character Recognition, a technology that identifies text from images and converts it into searchable text. In Manchu studies, OCR can be used to as
Language & ScriptOld Manchu is a general term for the early writing forms of the Manchu script, usually associated with the writing tradition from its creation in 1599 to the reforms of 1
Language & Scriptconventionally called the Manchu shier zitou, organized syllables for traditional instruction in reading and writing the Manchu script. They arranged vowel combinations,
Language & ScriptTraditional Mongolian script is a historical writing system for recording the Mongolian language using vertically connected letters, typically written from top to bottom
Language & ScriptThe Tungusic language family is a linguistic term used to classify related languages such as Manchu, Evenki, and Oroqen. It is established based on language structure,
Language & ScriptUnicode is an international standard that assigns unified character encodings to various scripts worldwide. It is not a specific font or input method; it specifies how co
Language & ScriptManchu vertical writing is a writing style where Manchu characters are arranged from top to bottom according to the traditional writing direction, and usually progress fr
Language & ScriptVertical writing is the fundamental arrangement of the Manchu writing system: characters are typically written from top to bottom, with one column continuing to the left
Language & ScriptVowel harmony is a phenomenon in some languages where the vowels of word roots and affixes mutually constrain each other in specific ways, and this also exists in Manch
Language & ScriptXibe is the language spoken by the Xibe ethnic group, belonging to the Tungusic language family and closely related to Manchu. Modern Xibe script shares significant conne