Browse all 2,087 English-language reference entries, indexed by topic and title. Historical details remain subject to source verification.
transcribed in Chinese with the two characters conventionally read aha. In Qing documents it may denote a servant or a person in a relationship of bondage, but it also ap
Eight Banners & Institutionsearlier Manchu designation jalan janggin, was an officer positioned between a banner's commanders and the company captains (zuoling) in the Eight Banners hierarchy. The c
Eight Banners & Institutions“awaiting selection,” described a formal status within Qing official recruitment: a person had acquired a recognized qualification and was registered to await selection b
Eight Banners & Institutionssenior officials heading the Qing imperial bodyguard establishment. Their work involved guard rosters, the protection of the palace, members of the imperial personal guar
Archives & Historical Sourcesto the Manchu Word Compendium) is a Qing lexicographical work organized around Manchu headwords with corresponding Chinese explanations. It was compiled by Yixing to supp
Archives & Historical Sourcestitled Man-Han Zi Qingwen Qimeng (Introduction to the Manchu Language in Manchu and Chinese), was a bilingual Manchu textbook compiled by Wuge during the Qing period. The
Archives & Historical SourcesCollection of Manchu Words) is a late Qing Manchu–Chinese dictionary arranged for lexical consultation and compiled in twelve volumes under editors including Zhikuan and
Archives & Historical Sources(Comprehensive Gazetteer of Shengjing) is a Qing geographical and institutional compilation concerning Shengjing and the surrounding region. Shengjing had served as an im
Clans & GenealogyAccording to the appendix to the Irgen Gioro clan in Volume 15 of the General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, Alfa's branch was registered as the Plai
People & BiographiesAbahai was a consort of Nurhaci, the ruler of the Later Jin dynasty, often referred to in historical records as Ulanara Abahai. Her family ties with figures like Dorgon a
Clans & GenealogyAbuhai was a member of the Sakda clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 35 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy
Clans & GenealogyAidang'a was a member of the Manchu Feimo clan, belonging to the Plain White Banner. His family had lived in the Changbai Mountains region for generations, and he and his
Eight Banners & InstitutionsAn additional grade award (jiaji) was a Qing administrative reward granted for assessments, military accomplishments, or other acknowledged service. It frequently appears
Clans & GenealogyAduduha was a member of the Lijia clan, a bondservant of the Bordered White Banner, during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 33 of the officially compiled the Comprehensive
Clans & Genealogyregistered under the Bordered Blue Banner. Volume 4 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner Manchu Clans explicitly states that both the ancestral residence an
Clans & GenealogyAgbayan was a member of the Dong'e clan of the Bordered Red Banner of the Manchus in the early Qing Dynasty. He was a cousin of Duiqi Bayan, and the original text refers
Eight Banners & InstitutionsAgricultural colonization by banner forces refers to Qing initiatives through which stationed officers, soldiers, and associated households cleared and cultivated land to
Eight Banners & InstitutionsBanner agricultural estates, commonly described as zhuangtian, formed part of the varied Qing system of military and institutional landholding. The category can encompass
Clans & GenealogyAguli was a member of the Tongjia clan, Bordered Blue Banner, and a relative of Tong Yangzheng. He lived in Tongjia for generations and led his clan and fellow villagers
Clans & GenealogyAgusha Huli was a member of the Zhaojia clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 31 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Ge
Clans & GenealogyAjing'a was a bondservant of the Plain White Banner of the Ayan Gioro clan, residing in Dalang Village. The year he submitted to the Qing dynasty is unknown. The official
Clans & GenealogyAzhu was a member of the Zakuta clan of the Bordered White Banner. Volume 36 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of th
Clans & Genealogyclan registered with the Bordered Red Banner and associated with Fe Ala. Volume 14 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner Manchu Clans describes Ahai as belon
People & BiographiesAhasan was a member of the Manchu Feimo clan, belonging to the Plain White Banner. His family had lived in the Changbai Mountains region for generations and submitted to
Clans & GenealogyVolume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners includes Aihuli in the appendix of the Irgen Gioro clan. His banner affiliation is liste
Clans & GenealogyAibo Baturu was a member of the Nimacha clan of the Bordered Red Banner. Volume 39 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
Clans & GenealogyAida was a member of the Fucha clan, a bondservant of the Plain White Banner, during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Suwan for generations and submitted t
People & BiographiesAidanbu appears in Volume 58 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The original text lists him und
People & BiographiesAidu, also known as Aidu, appears in Volume 53 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the Niqili clan. He belonged to
Clans & GenealogyAisin Gioro was the clan name used by the Qing dynasty imperial family, often transliterated as Aisin Gioro in Manchu. It held a special position in Qing politics and the
People & BiographiesAisu was a member of the Bordered Blue Banner of the Hitara clan of the Manchus. Volume 43 of the officially compiled General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight B
People & BiographiesAita was a member of the Yitemo clan of the Plain Red Banner. Volume 42 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the E
Clans & GenealogyAitai was a member of the Kuyala clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Man
Clans & GenealogyAitong'a was a member of the Fuca clan of Feiyoucheng under the Bordered Yellow Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. He submitted to the Qing during the Tiancong era and was
Clans & GenealogyAiyingulu was a member of the Ulanara clan of the Plain White Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. He was the great-grandson of Taifeika, the eldest son of Guduizhuyan, and
Clans & GenealogyAiyincha was an early member of the Wanyan clan. Volume 28 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners,
People & Biographiesof Nurhaci and an important ruling-clan commander during the Later Jin and early Qing periods. Initially granted the rank of taiji, he became a beile in 1626 after campai
Clans & GenealogyBordered Yellow Banner. The family was associated with Walji Hoton, a historical settlement, and entered the Manchu polity in its early years. Volume 15 of the Comprehens
Clans & GenealogyAjiertu, simplified as Ajiertu, was a member of the Esuli clan, belonging to the Plain White Banner. His family had lived in the Macha region for generations and submitte
Clans & GenealogyAkchu was a member of the Lijia clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 33 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Gene
Clans & GenealogyAccording to the appendix to the Irgen Gioro clan in Volume 15 of the General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, Akuzha's branch was registered as a bond
Clans & GenealogyAlachu was a member of the Kuyala clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manc
Clans & GenealogyThe Alai clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 62 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, which states that the clan originally res
People & BiographiesAlan, mentioned in Volume 53 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the Wusuzhan clan, belonged to the Plain Red Banner and lived in H
Clans & GenealogyThe Albu clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 60 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianlong
Clans & GenealogyArdushan was a member of the Songjia clan of the Bordered Red Banner. Volume 42 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
Clans & GenealogyThe Aliha clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 51 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The genealogy begins by
People & BiographiesAljim is a member of the Ezhuo clan recorded in Volume 46 of the Qing Dynasty's official genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners.
Eight Banners & InstitutionsAllotted banner land, described by the Chinese term fendi, could denote property assigned for use according to the status, military position, or registered household shar
Clans & GenealogyArsei was a member of the Tongjia clan, Plain White Banner, and the eldest son of Huerhan, a bodyguard of Darhan, as recorded in Volume 19 of the official General Genealo
Clans & GenealogyArtashikosa was a member of the Wanyan clan of the Bordered Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 28 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Complete Gene
Clans & GenealogyAljin is a member of the Tatara clan of the Plain Red Banner, listed in Volume 11 of the official genealogy of the Manchu Eight Banners compiled during the Qianlong reign
People & BiographiesŠurhaci, Nurhaci's younger brother, and therefore Nurhaci's nephew rather than his son. In 1616 he ranked among the four leading hošo beile together with Daišan, Manggūlt
People & BiographiesThe genealogy book places Amuqing'a under the heading "Duli Clan"; here, Amuqing'a remains the main entry, and the surname heading only indicates the family arrangement i
Clans & GenealogyThe Amur clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 50 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. The clan m
Clans & GenealogyPlain Blue Banner and was associated with Suwan. The official genealogy describes him as a clan relative of Danbu and places his family among those who joined Nurhaci ear
People & BiographiesAnchuda was a Guwalgiya man of the Plain Blue Banner whose family came from Anchulaku. Volume 2 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners do
Clans & GenealogyThe Andara clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 56 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, and its ancestors res
Clans & GenealogyAnduka was a member of the Shumulu clan of the Bordered Red Banner of the Manchus during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Hunchun for generations, and the
Clans & GenealogyAngguoduli Bayan is an ancestor of the family recorded in the Xitala clan entry of Volume 43 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners.
Clans & GenealogyAniku is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Red Banner, listed in Volume 14 of the official genealogy of the Manchu Eight Banners compiled during the Qianlong
Clans & GenealogyAning'a appears in the entry for the Meheri clan in Volume 57 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners
Clans & GenealogyAnjitu appears in Volume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on the Irgen Gioro clan. He belongs to the Bordered
Clans & GenealogyAn Tai is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner, recorded in Volume 15 of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans compiled durin
Clans & GenealogyAntu: Antu is a figure listed in Volume 53 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the Mu clan. He belonged to the Plain Yellow
Clans & GenealogyAnu was a bannerman under the Zhalali clan in Volume 51 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, belonging to the Plain Blue Banner, and h
Clans & GenealogyThe Aola clan is recorded in volume 57 of the Qianlong-era Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with ancestral residences in Ula and Heilongjiang
People & BiographiesAona was a member of the Yangjia clan. Volume 54 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners records that he belonged to t
Clans & GenealogyApucha was a bondservant of the Plain White Banner of the Ayan Gioro clan, residing in Ermin for generations. The year he submitted to the Qing dynasty is unknown. Volume
Clans & GenealogyVolume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners includes Apudaha in the appendix of the Irgen Gioro clan. His banner affiliation is list
Archives & Historical SourcesThe Qing Dynasty Palace Archives are historical records created by the Qing court and its related institutions in the processes of government affairs, etiquette, daily li
Clans & GenealogyArdas was a bondservant of the Aha Gioro clan in the Bordered Yellow Banner, residing in Saksu and Lo, with the year of his submission unknown. The official Qing dynasty
Clans & GenealogyArdushan was a member of the Fuca clan in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Eyihu for generations. The original genealogy listed him as belonging to the Bor
Clans & GenealogyArjitu (originally written as "Arjitu") is a figure recorded in Volume 61 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, listed as a member of t
Clans & GenealogyThe Arla clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 59 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They were or
People & BiographiesArsun was a member of the Manchu Sogia clan, belonging to the Plain Yellow Banner. He was of the same clan as Aheto, the Qing dynasty ruler, and came from the Sarhu regio
Clans & GenealogyArtash was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty, residing in the Muxi area. The official clan genealogy of the Qianlong
Clans & GenealogyArtu was a member of the Lijia clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 33 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Complete Genealogy of th
Clans & GenealogyAshdarhan, the maternal uncle, was a member of the Yehe Nara clan of the Plain White Banner in the early Qing Dynasty, and a relative of Jin Taishi. Volume 22 of the offi
People & BiographiesPlain Yellow Manchu Banner, entered office after studies associated with the official school system. He served as a secretariat clerk of the Grand Secretariat, a departme
Eight Banners & Institutionsrank within the Qing Eight Banners' military and administrative establishment. It was especially common in regional garrisons, generally subordinate to senior officers su
People & BiographiesAsu, simplified as Asu, was a member of the Amur clan, belonging to the Bordered Yellow Banner. His family had lived in Yilanfeiertaha Village for generations, and he sub
Clans & GenealogyAsuha was a member of the Zhaojia clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 31 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Geneal
Clans & GenealogyVolume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners includes Asulan in the appendix of the Irgen Gioro clan. His banner affiliation is liste
Clans & GenealogyAta is a member of the Xitala clan recorded in Volume 43 of the Qing Dynasty official compilation, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. H
Clans & GenealogyAtuna was a member of the Ningguta clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Volume 41 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners lists him as a descen
Culture & Everyday LifeAuspicious costume (jifu) for a fuguo gong, a hereditary duke of the imperial clan, designated a category of clothing used on specified ceremonial occasions rather than a
Culture & Everyday Lifejiangjun, or “General Who Guards the State,” was a Qing imperial-clan title below the ducal grades, not automatically an appointment to command an army. Its holders wore
Culture & Everyday LifeThe jifu belt of a doroi beile was worn with auspicious ceremonial dress rather than the more formal court ensemble. Qing regulations distinguished court dress (chaofu),
Culture & Everyday Life(jifudai) accompanied the jifu worn by Qing civil and military officials for specified festive or ceremonial activities. It was not simply the court belt (chaodai) under
Culture & Everyday LifeThe auspicious-dress hat (jifuguan) belonged to the prescribed costume of a doroi beile. It was not an interchangeable everyday hat: Qing regulations distinguished types
Culture & Everyday Lifewas prescribed for certain festive and ceremonial settings, as distinct from the court hat used in the most formal state rituals. The Illustrated Regulations for the Cere
People & BiographiesAxibulu, simplified as Axibulu, was a member of the Plain Red Banner of the Hurha clan. The official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Cla
People & BiographiesAxitu, also known as Axitu, appears in Volume 53 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the Baidu clan. He belonged to th
Clans & GenealogyAyanta was a member of the Hesheli clan of the Bordered Blue Banner of the Manchus in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Hada for generations and submitted t
Clans & GenealogyAzhuhu was a member of the Lijia clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manch
Clans & GenealogyBa Da Bayan was a member of the Tatara clan of the Manchu Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. He was of the same clan as Daitukuhali, and his family had live
People & BiographiesBa Dou appears in Volume 57 of the General Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Gaojia clan. He belonged to the Plain Yellow Banner, an
People & BiographiesBa Jintai, also known as Ba Jintai, appears in Volume 54 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy book General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the
People & BiographiesBaben was an early Qing Guwalgiya ancestor, the sixth younger brother of Fiyanggū. Volume 1 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners places
Clans & GenealogyBabuha was a member of the Plain White Banner of the Xilin Gioro clan, whose family had lived in Ningguta for generations. Volume 17 of the Qing Dynasty official genealog
People & BiographiesBabuhai was Nurhaci's eleventh son and a member of the early Qing imperial clan. His wife was the daughter of Yangguli. He first received a Banner company officer's appoi
People & BiographiesBabutai, Nurhaci's ninth son, was a member of the early Qing imperial clan and a military participant in the state's expansion. He joined operations against the Hurha in
Clans & GenealogyBachilan was a member of the Nara clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty, residing in the Ibadan region. Volume 24 of the official Qing Dynasty cla
People & BiographiesBaduli was a member of the Manchu Xingjia clan, belonging to the Bordered Blue Banner. He was of the same clan as Fuhu and lived in Xingjia Village for generations, submi
Clans & GenealogyBa Duli Zhalguqi was a member of the Tongjia clan, Plain White Banner, whose ancestral home was Macha. Volume 19 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The General Genea
Places & HeritageBaguailing Manchu Ethnic Township is a contemporary township-level administrative unit in Xinglong County, Chengde, Hebei Province. A statement of administrative division
People & BiographiesBaha belonged to the Guwalgiya clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner. He was Weiqi's fourth son and a younger brother of Oboi, a powerful early Qing political figure. Volume
People & BiographiesBahaha is a figure from the Zhebai clan, recorded in Volume 56 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Bordered Red Ba
People & BiographiesBahai was an early Qing commander associated with the northeastern frontier and the son of Šarhūda (Sharhuda), of the Guwalgiya family. He inherited a hereditary title as
Clans & GenealogyIrgen Gioro clan of the Plain White Banner, associated with the locality recorded as Wakhong Emo. His family entered the Manchu polity during the Tiancong reign, and the
People & BiographiesBai Chaokuan was a bondservant of the Bordered Blue Banner during the Qing Dynasty. The Bai family had long resided in Shenyang, but the exact year of their arrival is un
Clans & GenealogyThe Bai family records the Xie Xuesheng family in Volume 74 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, listing them as Nikan surnames within
People & BiographiesBai Dase was a member of the Saharji clan during the Qing Dynasty, listed in Volume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry
Clans & GenealogyBai Qine was a member of the Wuzhala clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 30 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Gen
Clans & GenealogyBai Yan was a member of the Li Jia clan, a bondservant of the Bordered Blue Banner, in the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Ge
Clans & GenealogyBai Ying'e was a member of the Zhaojia clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the
People & BiographiesBaihao is a figure from the Bordered White Banner, listed in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, specifically in the sectio
Clans & GenealogyThe Baijin clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 58 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They origi
People & BiographiesBaimuha is a figure listed in Volume 43 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the Murcha clan. He belonged to the Plain White Banner,
Clans & GenealogyBaise was a member of the Ningguta clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Volume 41 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans o
People & BiographiesBaiyinchali is a member of the Tuketan clan, recorded in Volume 54 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy book, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eig
Clans & GenealogyBaiyindai was a member of the Hesheli clan of the Bordered Blue Banner of the Manchus in the early Qing Dynasty. He was of the same clan as Niyintaha and lived in Hada. A
Language & ScriptBaksi was a designation used in the early Qing for individuals recognized for learning, literacy, and expertise with written languages. It appears in accounts of men such
People & BiographiesBaktaka is a figure recorded in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners; those with the same name cannot be automatically merged bas
Clans & GenealogyBalai was a member of the Hesheli clan of the Bordered Red Banner of the Manchus during the early Qing Dynasty. He was the son of Garzhu Feiyanggu, the eighth son of Muhu
Clans & GenealogyThe Bala clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 59 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They were
Clans & GenealogyBalda appears in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the "Orcholo Clan." He was a member of the Plain Ye
Clans & GenealogyThe Balda clan is a Manchu clan, simplified as Balda. Volume 49 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners explicitly states that Balda was o
Clans & GenealogyBaldachi was a member of the Jingqili clan of the Plain White Banner. Volume 36 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of
Clans & GenealogyBaldushan was a member of the Nimacha clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Volume 39 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clan
Clans & GenealogyBaljun was a member of the Sikterli clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy o
Clans & GenealogyBanbuli was a member of the Tatara clan, a bondservant of the Plain Blue Banner, in the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 11 of the official clan genealogy compiled during the Q
Clans & GenealogyBamida appears in the entry for the Sacha clan in Volume 57 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners.
Clans & GenealogyBanzhu was a member of the Niohuru clan of the Plain Blue Banner of the Manchus, whose family had lived in Hunchun for generations and submitted to the Qing dynasty at th
Clans & GenealogyBan Zhuhu was a member of the Sakda clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Ma
Clans & GenealogyBandi was a minister and general during the Qianlong era. A member of the Borjigit clan and a member of the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Mongols, he entered the Grand Se
Clans & GenealogyBa Ning appears in the appendix to the Irgen Gioro clan in Volume 15 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Listed under the Bordere
Eight Banners & Institutionsaffiliated with the Qing Eight Banners through an institutional system of registration. It describes a legal and administrative position shaped by military organization,
People & BiographiesBaozhu was a great-grandson of the Jingyilu family of the Hong'e clan. Volume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners records him as a
Clans & GenealogyBaozi was a member of the Lijia clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 33 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy
Archives & Historical SourcesBaqi wenjing (Selected Prose of the Eight Banners) is a late-Qing literary compilation associated in bibliographic records with the editors Shengyu and Yang Zhongxi. A co
Clans & GenealogyBarhasan was a member of the Bayara clan of the Plain White Banner. Volume 38 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of t
Eight Banners & Institutionsin the Qing hereditary honors system for meritorious officials and imperial affines. It ranked below viscount (zi) and above the dignity of light chariot commandant (qing
Clans & Genealogyclan of the Plain Yellow Banner, associated with the historical locality of Aiha. His family joined the Manchu polity in its early period. Volume 15 of the Comprehensive
Clans & GenealogyBatu was a member of the Zhangjia clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Volume 40 of the official Qing dynasty clan genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Cla
Language & ScriptBaturu, also written batur, was a Manchu term commonly represented in Chinese sources as a designation associated with bravery, warriors, or heroic conduct. Within Qing m
Clans & GenealogyBaxi was a member of the Yehe Nara clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty, and a relative of Turkun. Volume 22 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy
People & BiographiesBayan was the fifth son of Li Yongfang and an early Qing commander associated with the Han Banners. He inherited his father's hereditary military distinction in Tiancong'
Clans & Genealogyclan registered under the Plain Red Banner and associated with the historical Hada region. Volume 14 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner Manchu Clans expli
People & BiographiesBayara was a member of the Manchu Gejile clan, belonging to the Plain White Banner. His family had lived in Yalan for generations and submitted to the Qing dynasty at its
Eight Banners & InstitutionsBayara, also transcribed in Chinese with the alternative pronunciation bayala, is a Manchu term found in early Qing military sources and associated with elite guard troop
Clans & GenealogyThe Bayarqi clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 62 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianl
Clans & GenealogyBayartu was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in the Yehe region for generations and submitt
Clans & GenealogyBayindali Zhalguqi was a member of the Hesheli clan of the Manchu Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Heduomuhalian for generations, a
Clans & GenealogyBeida was a member of the Wuzhala clan of the Bordered White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 30 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Gen
People & BiographiesQing member of the Šumulu clan affiliated with the bondservant (booi) establishment of the Plain Red Banner. His ancestral locality was Hunchun, and the clan genealogy pl
Clans & GenealogyBeihun Bayan was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Jiamuhu for generations and submitted t
Places & HeritageBeijing, a city that has long served as the political and cultural center of China, was the capital of both the Ming and Qing dynasties. After the Qing army entered the C
Clans & GenealogyBenbo Ke was a member of the Namudulu clan of the Plain White Banner, whose ancestral home was in Hunchun. He submitted to the Qing dynasty in its early years and was rel
Clans & GenealogyBenkeli was a member of the Shajifucha clan in the early Qing Dynasty. His original genealogy listed him as belonging to the Plain Yellow Banner, but noted that he had be
Clans & GenealogyBenzhu is found in Volume 61 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The original record states he was a bondservant of the Bordered Red
Clans & GenealogyBerg was a member of the Hesheli clan in the early Qing Dynasty, belonging to the Bordered Blue Banner's bondservant class. His family had lived in Huifa for generations,
Clans & GenealogyBerhetu was a member of the Yehe Nara clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. He was of the same clan as Jintai Shi and submitted to the Qing Dynast
Clans & GenealogyBiao Haqi was a member of the Manchu Gejile clan, belonging to the Plain White Banner's bondservant class. His family had lived in the Heilongjiang region for generations
Clans & GenealogyBiertuli is a member of the Gejile clan recorded in Volume 45 of the Qing Dynasty's official genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banne
People & BiographiesBilu was a member of the Manchu Samarji clan, belonging to the Bordered Blue Banner. His family had lived along the Songhua River for generations and submitted to the Qin
Clans & GenealogyThe Bilu clan is recorded in volume 32 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with branches originating around Yehe. Zhumala of the Bordered
Clans & GenealogyThe Bilule clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 59 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation of the Qianlong
People & BiographiesBingde is a figure recorded in Volume 80 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, belonging to the Bordered Blue Banner under the jurisdic
Clans & GenealogyBlata was a member of the Zhaojia clan in the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banner
Clans & GenealogyBlaxi was a member of the Saimile clan of the Bordered White Banner. Volume 36 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans o
Clans & GenealogyBo Liang is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered White Banner, recorded in Volume Thirteen of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans compile
Clans & GenealogyThe Bohe Luo clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 61 of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu clans compiled during the Qianlong reign. They resided i
Clans & GenealogyThe Boholi clan is recorded in volume 50 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners with branches in Heilongjiang and elsewhere. Ezhengku of the
Clans & GenealogyBohucha was a member of the Ulanara clan of the Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty, whose family had lived in Ulan for generations. Volume 23 of the offici
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe expression “bondservant military organization of princely households” concerns the relationship between booi personnel attached to Qing princes and the Banner soldier
Eight Banners & InstitutionsBooi referred to categories of people and administrative registrations connected to specific relations of personal or household subordination within the Qing banner syste
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Bordered Blue Banner was a banner name within the Eight Banners system of the Qing Dynasty, belonging to one of the Eight Banners. It represented a military, administ
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Bordered Red Banner was a banner unit within the Eight Banners system, forming the Qing Dynasty's Eight Banners organization along with the Plain Red Banner. Banner n
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Bordered White Banner was one of the Eight Banners of the Qing Dynasty, belonging to the banner system that gradually developed from the Later Jin to the Qing Dynasty
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Bordered Yellow Banner was one of the banners in the Eight Banners system, usually grouped with the Plain Yellow Banner and Plain White Banner as the so-called "Upper
Clans & GenealogyThe Borgon clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 60 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. Their ance
Clans & GenealogyBorhun appears in the appendix to the Irgen Gioro clan in Volume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He is listed under the Border
Clans & GenealogyBorji, whose simplified form is Borji, was a member of the Wencheheng clan, belonging to the Bordered Yellow Banner. His family had lived in Ula for generations and submi
Clans & GenealogyBorjin was a member of the Wanyan clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 28 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genea
People & BiographiesBotobo was a member of the Sordor clan, belonging to the Bordered White Banner's bondservant class. His family had lived in Ulaborji City for generations and submitted to
People & BiographiesBoxina was an early Qing Guwalgiya figure whose family came from Ula. Volume 3 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners records him in the
Clans & GenealogyBo Qina was a bondservant of the Plain White Banner of the Aha Gioro clan, residing in Huifa. The year of his submission is unknown. The official clan genealogy, The Gene
Clans & GenealogyBuladai was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan, a bondservant of the Bordered Red Banner, during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Wahumu for generations and
Clans & GenealogyBulihana was a member of the Yilali clan, belonging to the Bordered Red Banner. His family had lived in Feiyou City for generations, but the year of his submission is unk
Clans & GenealogyBursahai was a member of the Hesheli clan of the Manchu Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty, and the second son of Bayindali Zharguqi. Volume Nine of the offic
People & BiographiesBu Jintai, also known as Bu Jintai, appears in Volume 54 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy book General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the
People & BiographiesVolume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners includes the biography of Buyantu. The reliable information in this biography primarily
Culture & Everyday Lifepreparation found in Beijing and parts of northern China. Buckwheat flour is mixed into a paste, cooked until it sets, and allowed to cool before being cut into blocks or
Clans & GenealogyThe Budala clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans, an official compilation from the Qianlong reig
Clans & GenealogyBuhana was a member of the Ulanara clan of the Bordered Red Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. He was the son of Taifeika, the eldest son of Guduzhuyan, and his ancestral
Clans & GenealogyBukecha was a member of the Yehe Fucha clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Yehe for generations and submitted to the Qing
Clans & GenealogyBukede was a member of the Kuyala clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 34 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genea
Clans & GenealogyBuketao was a member of the Ujara clan of the Plain Yellow Banner. Volume 30 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of th
People & BiographiesBulhai was a member of the Manchu Hitara clan, belonging to the Bordered Blue Banner. He was related to Angguo Duli Bayan and lived in the Niyaman Mountains for generatio
Clans & GenealogyThe Busai clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 53 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans, scattered throughout Yehe and
Clans & GenealogyBushan was a member of the Zhangjia clan, a bondservant of the Plain Yellow Banner. Volume 40 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the M
Clans & GenealogyBushhan was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Yehe for generations and submitted to the Qing Dynasty at its beginning, s
Clans & GenealogyBuyali Mergen was a member of the Ujara clan of the Bordered Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 30 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensiv
Clans & GenealogyThe Buyamuqi clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans, an official compilation from the Qianlong reig
Clans & GenealogyBa Liuku was a member of the Zhangjia clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Volume 40 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clan
People & BiographiesCai Guoming was a bondservant of the Bordered Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty, and his family had lived in Shenyang for generations. Volume 78 of the official g
Culture & Everyday Lifezhaohun or “calling away fright” in some local traditions, refers to folk beliefs and rites concerning the soul, shock and illness. A common explanatory idea held that se
Clans & GenealogyThe Cangmarji clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianlon
Clans & GenealogyCangmi was a member of the Sakda clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 35 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy
People & BiographiesCao Bang appears in the Cao family entry of Volume 80 of the Qing Dynasty's Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The original text states tha
Clans & GenealogyCao Zhigao (originally written as "Cao Zhigao") appears in the Cao family entry of Volume 80 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He w
Culture & Everyday LifeCourt beads (chaozhu) were worn with the prescribed formal dress of a doroi beile, a noble grade of the Qing imperial clan. They were part of a regulated court costume sy
Culture & Everyday Lifeefu were an accessory to the formal attire of a man married to a woman invested with the imperial-clan title xiangjun. The headword primarily specifies the potential wear
Culture & Everyday LifeThe court belt of a doroi beile was worn by a member of this rank of the Qing imperial clan with the prescribed court costume. Beile was a hereditary noble grade within t
Culture & Everyday Lifea specifically invested successor of a Qing prince of the first rank. The term did not denote every eldest son of every noble family. Within Qing imperial-clan practice,
Culture & Everyday Lifebelonged to the formally recognised principal wife of a Qing prince's invested heir. The word fujin indicated a recognised consort within the imperial-clan system; it was
Culture & Everyday Lifexiangjun belonged to the regulated clothing of Qing imperial-clan women awarded that title. A xiangjun was a title within the system of female imperial-clan ranks, not a
Clans & GenealogyChahan was a member of the Wuzhala clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 30 of the official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Gene
Clans & GenealogyChai Da was a member of the Bayara clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Volume 38 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans o
Clans & GenealogyChaku is a figure from the Bordered Blue Banner under the Meng'e Suo clan in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. His family
Clans & GenealogyChan Chu was a member of the Sakda clan of the Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 35 of the officially compiled General Genealogy of the Manchu Cla
Clans & GenealogyChanbi was a member of the Zhaojia clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 31 of the official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genea
Clans & GenealogyChanduka was a member of the Fucha clan of Zakuta in the Bordered White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Zakuta for generations and submitted
Clans & GenealogyChang Shou was a member of the Sakda clan of the Bordered Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of t
Clans & GenealogyThe genealogy book lists Chang Shou under the heading "Bila Clan," but the main subject of the entry is still Chang Shou himself; the surname heading indicates the arrang
People & BiographiesChang Shu was a member of the Guoluo clan in the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 32 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of
People & BiographiesChang Shu, whose biography appears in Volume 52 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the Tomo clan, belonged to the Bor
Clans & GenealogyChangge appears in Volume 57 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Guojia clan. He was a bondservant of the
Clans & GenealogyChangzhu was a member of the Ulanara clan in the early Qing Dynasty, the eldest son of Buyan's third son, Busantai. His original genealogy listed him as belonging to the
Eight Banners & InstitutionsCharitable schools for banner children, generally termed yixue, were one form of education available within Qing banner society. Their particular function was to provide
Clans & GenealogyChata was a member of the Namudulu clan of the Plain White Banner, whose family had lived in the Namudulu area for generations. Volume 21 of the Comprehensive Genealogy o
People & BiographiesChekemu is a figure recorded in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on the Jipuchu clan. He belonged to the P
Clans & GenealogyChen Guozhong is listed in the Chen clan entry of Volume 80 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, recorded as a bondservant of the Plai
Clans & GenealogyCheng Gu'erde was a member of the Hesheli clan of the Plain Yellow Banner of the Manchus during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Muliha Village, Heilongjia
People & BiographiesCheng Lun was a bondservant of the Bordered Blue Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Shenyang for generations, and the original text states that he su
People & BiographiesChengni was an early Qing officer of the Gūwalgiya lineage and the son of the general Laosa. After Laosa fell in the fighting around Jinzhou in 1641 (Chongde 6), Chengni
Clans & GenealogyThe Chenjia clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 61 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianl
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe expression baqi zidi, literally “sons and descendants of the Eight Banners,” originally referred to people belonging by descent and registration to the Qing banner po
Clans & GenealogyChohar was a member of the Niohuru clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Manchus, the thirteenth son of Eidu. Volume Five of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu
Clans & GenealogyThe Chonggulu clan is recorded in volume 56 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The source describes Chonggulu as originally a locality f
Clans & GenealogyThe Chongjila clan appears in volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Its principal branches include Zhongtai of the Bordered White
Clans & GenealogyChongshika was a member of the Irkule clan of the Bordered White Banner. Volume 39 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
Clans & GenealogyChongshunba was originally a member of the Fuca clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Yueketong'e City for generations and
Clans & GenealogyThe Chukuer clan appears in volume 56 of the Qianlong-era Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The genealogy explains that Chukuer was origin
Clans & GenealogyChulonga was a member of the Yehe Fuca clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. During the Tiancong era, he, along with his second brother Chunbulun
People & BiographiesChunbuli is a figure from the Tomo clan, recorded in Volume 52 of the General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Bordered Red Banner,
People & BiographiesChunbulu was a Guwalgiya member of the Bordered Blue Banner whose family originated in Yehe. He submitted in the early Qing period. Volume 3 of the Comprehensive Genealog
People & BiographiesVolume 57 of the Qing Dynasty's Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners preserves clues about Chobai's banner affiliation and the official positi
Clans & GenealogyThe Chuokeqin clan appears in volume 56 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The source says Chuokeqin was originally a locality whose nam
People & BiographiesChuoqin was a member of the Yuerkule clan in the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 50 of the officially compiled General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners recor
Archives & Historical Sourcescollection of poetry and prose by Duncheng, a writer of the Qing imperial clan. In the examined text, the first two juan contain poetry in classical and regulated forms,
Clans & GenealogyIn the entry for the Tainikan surname within the Manchu banners of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, Volume 79, Tuose is recorded
Eight Banners & Institutionscommanding the Qing Imperial Guard Camp. The Draft History of Qing describes the rank as full second grade, with one commander assigned to each of the Eight Banners, maki
Eight Banners & InstitutionsA dutong was a senior official of the Qing Eight Banners administration, generally associated with command and management of the affairs of an individual banner. Because
Eight Banners & Institutionsthe Vanguard Battalion, was a senior officer directing one of its two wings. Responsibilities included managing battalion affairs, selecting elite soldiers, organizing ex
Eight Banners & InstitutionsCommutation of punishments for persons registered in the Eight Banners refers to specific Qing legal arrangements under which offenses otherwise punishable by beating, pe
Eight Banners & Institutionsofficial within the Qing provincial Eight Banners establishment. The office was related to the company captaincy in the Beijing banners but operated in a different admini
Archives & Historical Sourceslocal gazetteer covering the history, institutions, and geography of the Jilin region under the Qing. The consulted bibliographic record describes the late-Guangxu compil
Archives & Historical Sourcestongpu , conventionally rendered here as Comprehensive Genealogies of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, is an officially compiled Qing genealogical source associated
Language & ScriptManchu glyphic variation refers to the phenomenon where Manchu letters may appear differently at the beginning, middle, end, and when written independently. This variatio
Culture & Everyday Lifebe worn by palace guards entitled to them under the Qing dress regulations during formal ceremonial occasions. The guards' principal responsibilities concerned security a
Culture & Everyday LifeCourt beads worn by women of conferred rank (mingfu chaozhu) formed part of Qing formal dress for women who held an officially recognized ceremonial grade. Mingfu describ
Culture & Everyday Life(chaozhu) for a beizi formed part of the ceremonial dress prescribed for this rank of the Qing imperial clan, below the beile. Such beads were not simply decorative neckl
Culture & Everyday Lifeof a mingong, or non-imperial duke, were a strand of ceremonial beads worn with prescribed court attire. They were not merely everyday Buddhist prayer beads under another
Culture & Everyday LifeQing shizi formed part of the regulated attire of a prince's formally recognised successor. The title was not a generic synonym for all sons of noble families. Court bead
Culture & Everyday Lifethe emperor's sons formed part of the Qing system of regulated ceremonial clothing. In juan 4, the Illustrated Regulations for the Ceremonial Paraphernalia of the Imperia
Culture & Everyday Lifeceremonial necklaces, not ornaments automatically worn by all nine grades of Qing officials. Under the prescriptions in juan 5 of the Illustrated Regulations for the Cere
Culture & Everyday Lifeprescribed necklace ornaments used in Qing formal attire. The necklaces of the zhenguo gong, an imperial-clan noble below beizi and above fuguo gong, participated in the
Culture & Everyday Life(chaodai) of a gushan beizi formed part of the formal ensemble prescribed for this rank of imperial-clan nobility. It was not equivalent to an ordinary belt used to secur
Culture & Everyday Lifewas worn around the waist as part of the ceremonial dress of a non-imperial Qing duke. It helped secure the ensemble while also displaying rank through its plaques, fitti
Culture & Everyday Lifegong, a Qing imperial-clan auxiliary duke, formed part of full court dress. This title ranked below zhenguo gong, and it did not in itself denote appointment to an admini
Culture & Everyday Lifepart of the prescribed formal outfit of Qing civil and military officials. Its plaques and ornamentation signaled distinctions among ranks. Volume 5 of the Illustrated Re
Culture & Everyday Life(chaodai) formed part of the Qing full court-dress ensemble for a titled imperial-clan duke. The noble rank stood below beizi and above fuguo gong; it was a hereditary or
Culture & Everyday Lifeby a zhenguo jiangjun was a regulated component of formal Qing court dress. The belt's color and ornamented plaques expressed the person's title within the imperial clan.
Culture & Everyday Life(chaoguan) of a duoluo beile was a formal headpiece worn in prescribed ceremonies by a member of the Qing imperial clan holding that noble rank. It should not be confused
Culture & Everyday Lifeto the court crown of the principal wife, or fujin, of a duoluo beile. The beile was a grade of Qing imperial-clan nobility below the prince of the second rank and above
Culture & Everyday Lifegushan beizi was worn at formal Qing court ceremonies. The rank was a hereditary title within the imperial clan rather than an administrative appointment. Court crowns we
Culture & Everyday Lifewas a formal headpiece prescribed for a duke outside the Qing imperial clan. It differed from festive crowns and informal headwear. Volume 5 of the Huangchao liqi tushi d
Culture & Everyday Lifeshizi was the formal headdress prescribed for the recognised heir of a Qing prince of the first rank. Shizi was a specific status in the imperial-clan succession hierarch
Culture & Everyday Lifexiangjun's efu was the formal headpiece worn in conjunction with court attire by a man married to a titled xiangjun of the Qing imperial clan. The category efu encompasse
Culture & Everyday Lifeguards (shiwei) belonged to their prescribed dress for formal ceremonies. A guard's position involved palace protection and service in the imperial entourage; it was an a
Culture & Everyday Lifebeile were worn by a holder of this Qing imperial-clan title at official audiences and other prescribed rites. Beile referred to a grade of nobility below a prince of the
Culture & Everyday Lifebelonged to the Qing hierarchy of imperial-clan titles. The full rank name gushan beizi designated a position below duoluo beile and above feng'en zhenguo gong. It was th
Culture & Everyday Lifea zhenguo jiangjun was formal clothing worn at major Qing state ceremonies. Zhenguo jiangjun was an imperial-clan title, and the word jiangjun (“general”) did not automat
Culture & Everyday LifeThe court hat of a fuguo gong was prescribed for the formal appearances of a Qing imperial-clan duke. The grade of fuguo gong belonged to the aristocratic hierarchy below
Culture & Everyday LifeThis entry concerns the ceremonial court headdress of a woman holding the recognized status of wife of a fuguo gong, or duke who assists the state. That designation was d
Culture & Everyday Lifeimperial son (huangzi chaoguan) belonged to the Qing hierarchy of ceremonial headwear. The status of a son of the emperor should not be confused with that of the formally
Culture & Everyday Lifeby qualifying Qing civil and military officials during formal ceremonies. Although the overall function was shared, the finial and other features were specified by rank.
Culture & Everyday Lifezhenguo gong was formal headwear worn by a Qing imperial-clan duke in prescribed ceremonies. Zhenguo gong was a noble title below beizi and above fuguo gong, not the name
Culture & Everyday Life(chaoguan) was prescribed for formal Qing court ceremonies. The upper ornament followed rank-related rules. In juan 5, the Illustrated Regulations for the Ceremonial Para
Culture & Everyday Lifemingong were prescribed for a Qing duke outside the imperial clan when attending major audiences and formal ceremonies. Volume 5 of the Huangchao liqi tushi describes two
Culture & Everyday Lifewas formal attire worn by Qing civil and military officials of designated ranks for major state ceremonies. “Officials’ court robes” is a collective designation, not the
Culture & Everyday Lifefujin formed one element of the formal attire prescribed for the principal wife of a duoluo beile. The husband’s title belonged to the Qing imperial-clan hierarchy, below
Clans & GenealogyCui Duo appears in Volume 76 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Cui clan. The original record states he was
People & BiographiesCui Libi is a bondservant of the Plain Yellow Banner, recorded in Volume 73 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. His family had long r
People & BiographiesDa Jie was a bondservant of the Plain Blue Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Shenyang for generations, and the year of their submission is unknown.
Archives & Historical SourcesDa Jin jili (Collected Ritual Regulations of the Great Jin) is a compilation of ritual materials associated with the Jurchen-founded Jin dynasty. The received text compri
Archives & Historical SourcesDa Xiao Ya Tang shiji is a collection of poems by the Qing writer Chengling, whose courtesy name was Zunsheng and who was associated with Jilin. The collection includes a
Clans & GenealogyDabarhan was a member of the Fuca clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Nadanyaha for generations and submitted to the Qin
Clans & GenealogyDagushan Bayan was a member of the Niohuru clan of the Bordered Red Banner of the Manchus, the eldest son of Gahachaluan, who submitted to the Qing dynasty at the beginni
People & BiographiesDahai was a key figure in the Manchu script reforms from the Later Jin to the early Qing dynasty. Traditional Qing historical records state that during the reign of Huang
People & BiographiesDahana (originally written as "DaHaNa") appears in Volume 75 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, listed near the section on surnames
Clans & GenealogyThe Dahuli clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 61 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. Their ance
Clans & GenealogyThe Dai family is listed under the Nikan surnames within the Manchu Banners in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The firs
Clans & GenealogyDai Liu is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Blue Banner, recorded in Volume 13 of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchus, compiled during the
People & BiographiesDai Que'a is a member of the Laibu clan in Volume 53 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Plain Yellow Banner and l
Clans & GenealogyDai Tong was a member of the Sakda clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Man
Clans & Genealogyofficial Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner Manchu Clans as a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered White Banner. The family was associated with the Cha
Clans & GenealogyDaida was a member of the Nara clan, a bondservant of the Bordered White Banner, whose ancestral home was in Yehele. The year of his submission is unknown. Volume 24 of t
Clans & GenealogyDaidali appears in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on the "Semuqili Clan." He belonged to the Bordere
People & Biographiesmember of the Šumulu clan, associated with the historical settlement of Kurka and the wider kinship group of Yanggūri. The precise date of his family's submission is not
Clans & GenealogyDaifuha was a bondservant of the Plain White Banner of the Aha Gioro clan, whose family had lived in the Changbai Mountains for generations. The year of his submission to
Clans & GenealogyDaisong'a was a member of the Tongjia clan, belonging to the Plain Red Banner. His family had lived in Yarhu for generations and submitted to the Qing dynasty at the begi
People & BiographiesDaita is a member of the Bordered Blue Banner under the Hanyan clan in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. His family resid
Clans & GenealogyDaitukuhali was a member of the Tatara clan of the Plain White Banner of the Manchus during the early Qing Dynasty, residing in Zakumu. Volume 11 of the official clan gen
Clans & GenealogyDaixi was a member of the Xiketeli clan of the Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 34 of the official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Ge
People & Biographiessecond son and a major early Manchu military and political figure. He participated in campaigns involving the Ula and other opponents and received the honorific warrior d
Clans & GenealogyDajin was a member of the Huifa Fucha clan of the Bordered Blue Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Huifa for generations and submitted to the Qing
Clans & GenealogyDajin was a member of the Majia clan in the early Qing Dynasty, belonging to the Plain White Banner's bondservant class. His family had lived in Suifen for generations, a
People & BiographiesDalai: Dalai is a member of the Baidu clan in Volume 53 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Bordered White Banner
Clans & GenealogyDalai is a figure under the Ujara clan in Volume 30 of the General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners from the Qing Dynasty. He belonged to the Plain Whit
People & BiographiesDalanxia was a member of the Ilari clan, belonging to the Plain Blue Banner. His family had lived in Heshi for generations and submitted to the Qing dynasty at the beginn
Clans & GenealogyThe Dalchong'a clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation of the Qianlong
People & BiographiesDaliku: Daliku is a member of the Meheli clan in Volume 57 of the General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Plain White Banner and hi
Clans & Genealogyclan of the Plain Blue Banner, associated with Dobaku. The family entered the Manchu polity in its early period. Volume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Ban
Clans & GenealogyDamin was a member of the Youhulu clan, a Manchu bannerman. Volume 50 of the officially compiled the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners reco
Clans & GenealogyDandala was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Yehe for generations and submitted to the
Clans & Genealogythe Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner Manchu Clans as a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Blue Banner booi. His family had an ancestral association wi
Clans & GenealogyDang Buli was a member of the Zhaojia clan in the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 31 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of
Clans & GenealogyDang Chu was a member of the Namudulu clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Suifen for generations and submitted to the Q
People & BiographiesDangge: Dangge is a figure listed in Volume 53 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the name of the Emotuo clan. He belonged to the
Clans & GenealogyDanong'a appears in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the "Ese Clan." The original text records that h
Places & HeritageDaqing Fort (Daqing bao) was a defensive place-name in Ming-period Liaodong, recorded by Gu Yanwu in the Tianxia junguo libing shu, a compilation concerned with regional
Clans & GenealogyDarbanga was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Yarhu for generations and submitted to the Qi
Clans & GenealogyDardan was a member of the Zhangjia clan of the Bordered White Banner. Volume 40 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans o
People & BiographiesDarhan was a member of the Wentehe clan. Volume 50 of the officially compiled General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners records him as a member of the Pl
Clans & GenealogyHu'erhan, a member of the Tongjia clan of the Plain White Banner, was a figure from the early Qing dynasty, residing in Yarhu. Volume 19 of the official Qing dynasty gene
Clans & GenealogyDarji is a bannerman under the Tongsele clan in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The original text states that he belong
Clans & GenealogyDartai was a member of the Tongjia clan, Plain White Banner, and the sixth younger brother of Huerhan, a bodyguard of Darhan. Volume 19 of the official Comprehensive Gene
Clans & GenealogyDashiha was a member of the Saimile clan of the Plain Blue Banner. Volume 36 of the Qing Dynasty official clan genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
People & BiographiesDasu appears in Volume 57 of the Qing Dynasty's Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Bali clan, originally written as
Clans & GenealogyDayali was a member of the Hadanara clan of the Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His ancestral home was Hadan, and he submitted to the Qing Dynasty at t
People & BiographiesDayanga is a member of the Yuhulu clan recorded in Volume 46 of the official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banner
People & BiographiesTatara clan, whose ancestral residence is recorded as Jakumu. He submitted to Nurhaci in 1618, entered the Manchu Plain White Banner, and served as a niru janggin, or com
People & BiographiesDeke, whose mother's original name was "Deke," was a grandson of Jing Yilu of the Hong'e clan. Volume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight B
Clans & GenealogyDechuku is a member of the Uzala clan, recorded in Volume 30 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The genealogy states that they belon
Clans & GenealogyThe Dedule clan is discussed in volume 56 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The genealogy explains Dedule as a place-name later adopted
People & BiographiesDegelei was Nurhaci's tenth son, the younger brother of Mangūltai, and a member of the ruling family before the Qing conquest of China proper. Initially accorded the stan
Clans & GenealogyDeku was a member of the Shumulu clan of the Plain Yellow Banner of the Manchus in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Hunchun for generations and submitted t
Clans & GenealogyDelengge was a member of the Fucha clan of Zakuta in the early Qing Dynasty's Bordered White Banner. His family had lived in Zakuta for generations and submitted to the Q
Clans & GenealogyDeersufangyin was a member of the Niohuru clan and the great-uncle of Esulelebakeshi. Volume Five of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners
Clans & GenealogyDeming (originally written as "Deming") is listed in the entry near the Zhou family in Volume 76 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners.
People & BiographiesDeng Anming was a bannerman of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Shenyang for generations, but the year of their submission is u
People & BiographiesDeng Chengyin is a prominent figure in the Plain White Banner under the Deng family section of Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight B
Clans & GenealogyThe Deng family is listed in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on Nikan surnames within the Manchu Bann
People & BiographiesDeng Yuankui is a figure from the Deng clan section of Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Bordered Yell
Clans & GenealogyDeputin was a member of the Ningguta clan of the Plain Blue Banner. In Volume 41 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans o
People & BiographiesDeqian'e is a figure listed in Volume 43 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the Xitala clan. He belonged to the Bordered Red Banne
Clans & GenealogyDeqine was a member of the Huifa Nara clan of the Bordered Red Banner, whose ancestral home was Huifa. The year he submitted to the Qing dynasty is unknown. The official
Clans & GenealogyDerdhe was a member of the Koude clan in the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 29 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the
Clans & Genealogyclan of the Bordered White Banner. The family was associated with Daokai, but its date of allegiance is unknown. According to volume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of
Clans & GenealogyFazhu is a member of the Gejile clan recorded in Volume 45 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Bordered Yellow
Clans & GenealogyThe Ding family is mentioned in Volume 74 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on Nikan surnames within the Manchu B
People & BiographiesDing Jigong was a bondservant of the Plain Yellow Banner during the Qing Dynasty. The Ding family had long resided in Shenyang, but the year of their arrival is unknown.
Eight Banners & Institutionsregisters recording adult males, household members, and status classifications for administrative review. They are especially important for the Eight Banners and the popu
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe designation “Eight Banners disciplinary regulations” refers broadly to Qing provisions governing misconduct in banner military and administrative affairs. Relevant ru
Clans & GenealogyDiyouge was a member of the Wuzhala clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 30 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive Gene
Clans & GenealogyDobono was a member of the Nara clan of the Plain Red Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. His ancestral home was Zhangdi, and he submitted to the Qing Dynasty at the beginn
Clans & GenealogyThe Dong family is mentioned in Volume 74 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on Nikan surnames within the Manchu B
Clans & GenealogyDong Dengwen appears in Volume 77 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Dong family. He was a bondservant u
People & BiographiesDong Liuji was a bondservant of the Bordered Blue Banner in the early Qing Dynasty, whose family had lived in Shenyang for generations. The official genealogy of the Manc
Clans & GenealogyDong Neke was a member of the Namudulu clan of the Plain White Banner, whose family had lived in the Namudulu area for generations before submitting to the Qing dynasty a
Clans & GenealogyThe Donggiya clan appears in volume 53 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with families around Jamuhu, Donggiya City, and Hada. The main
Clans & GenealogyThe Donggo clan is described in volume 8 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The source says the name originated as a locality and became
Clans & GenealogyDongjin was a member of the Hesheli clan of the Manchu Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. He was the great-grandson of Huxinbulu, the eldest son of the Muhul
People & BiographiesDorgon was a prominent member of the Qing imperial family and a key political and military figure in the early Qing dynasty. He was the son of Nurhaci and Abahai. Before
Clans & GenealogyThe Dorgon clan is listed in volume 55 of the Qianlong-commissioned Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with branches associated with Aihu City
Clans & GenealogyIrgen Gioro clan registered with the Plain Red Banner. The family was associated with Ilha and joined the Manchu polity during the Tiancong reign. Volume 15 of the Compre
Language & ScriptManchu writing are integral graphic distinctions associated with the identification of particular letters. They are not merely decorative additions. In the standard histo
Culture & Everyday LifeThe dragon-patterned mangpao prescribed for a doroi beile illustrates the Qing practice of signalling political and hereditary status through costume. Beile was a noble g
Clans & GenealogyZhuobai was a member of the Tongjia clan, Plain White Banner, whose ancestral home was Macha. He was of the same clan as Baduli Zhalguqi and submitted to the Qing dynasty
Clans & GenealogyThe Du family is listed as a Nikan surname within the Manchu banner system in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, and inclu
Clans & GenealogyDu Huchan was a member of the Hadanara clan of the Bordered Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty, whose family had lived in Hadan for generations. Volume 23 of the o
Clans & GenealogyDu Liang was a member of the Zhangjia clan, a bondservant of the Bordered Blue Banner. Volume 40 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of th
People & BiographiesDu Tiancheng was a member of the Plain White Banner (Baoyi Banner) during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Shenyang for generations, but the year of their submis
People & BiographiesDu Yan is a figure under the jurisdiction of the Bordered Blue Banner's bondservants in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners.
People & BiographiesDuergu was a member of the Manchu Suocholo clan. Volume 45 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, r
Clans & GenealogyDuerhu was a member of the Huihe clan of the Plain Red Banner. Volume 39 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Ei
Clans & GenealogyDuiqi Bayan was a member of the Dong'e clan of the Bordered Red Banner of the Manchus during the early Qing Dynasty. He was a relative of Heheli and lived in Dong'e for g
People & BiographiesDuiqin was an early Guwalgiya figure registered in the Bordered Yellow Banner, with Jia'muhu recorded as his ancestral locality. The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu
Clans & GenealogyThe Dujia surname appears in volume 58 of the Qianlong Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Although an earlier research index preserved only
People & BiographiesDukachan was a member of the Ilari clan, originally from Yehe, who submitted to the Qing dynasty at its beginning. Volume 47 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, the
Clans & GenealogyThe Dukda clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 59 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianlon
Clans & GenealogyThe Duli clan is listed in volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Its families lived in Macha and several other places. The vo
Clans & GenealogyThe Dulu clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianlong
Clans & GenealogyDunbai was a member of the Siktiri clan. The official Qing dynasty compilation, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, Volume 34, records h
Clans & GenealogyDuntu was a member of the Siktli clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Ma
Clans & GenealogyThe Duojin clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 61 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. Their an
Clans & GenealogyDuolai was a member of the Yehe Fucha clan, a bondservant of the Bordered Yellow Banner, during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Yehe for generations and s
Clans & GenealogyThe Duoluo clan appears in volume 56 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with Yehe listed as its historical home. Its recorded ancestor T
Clans & GenealogyThe Duoluohong clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans, an official compilation from the Qianlong
Clans & GenealogyThe Duoxing clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 62 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. The fam
People & BiographiesDutali was a member of the Manchu Niohele clan, belonging to the Bordered Yellow Banner. His family had lived in Shaji for generations and submitted to the Qing dynasty a
Clans & GenealogyThe Duwarjia clan appears in volume 61 of the Qianlong Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Its recorded home was Fengjibao. The principal an
Clans & GenealogyThe Duya'er clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 60 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation of the Qianlon
Clans & GenealogyThe Dürle clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 60 of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu clans compiled during the Qianlong reign. Their ancestral hom
Clans & GenealogyE Songguo is a figure under the "Mongol Chu Clan" section of Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Plain W
Clans & GenealogyThe E'zhe clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 62 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianlon
Eight Banners & Institutionsnon-imperial hereditary titles awarded for military merit and other service, or to some imperial affines. It ranked below marquis (hou) and above viscount (zi), and was d
Clans & GenealogyEbei was a member of the Huifa Fuca clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty, who submitted to the Qing during the Tiancong era. Volume 27 of the off
Clans & GenealogyEbilun was a minister of the Niohuru clan of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner, the sixteenth son of Eidu, and his mother was a Heshuo Princess. Volume Five of the Compre
Clans & GenealogyEbogen was a member of the Wuya clan of the Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 29 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealo
Clans & GenealogyE'de was a member of the Niohuru clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Manchus, the eleventh son of Eidu. Volume Five of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Cla
People & BiographiesEdebe: Edebe is a figure recorded in Volume 55 of the General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for Hushitun of the Hong'e Clan. He was
Clans & GenealogyIden'e (originally written as "YiDengE") is recorded in Volume 59 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The original text states that h
Clans & GenealogyEgude was a member of the Shumulu clan of the Plain White Banner of the Manchus during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Zhan County for generations and sub
People & BiographiesEha is a member of the Dongjia clan in Volume 53 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Bordered Yellow Banner and li
Clans & GenealogyEheda (originally written as "Eheda") appears in Volume 59 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, belonging to the Bordered Yellow Banne
Clans & GenealogyEhegangtai was a member of the Fuca clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Suwan for generations and submitted to the Qing
Clans & GenealogyEheli Shaman was a member of the Niohuru clan of the Plain White Banner of Manchuria, the younger brother of Gahachaluan, who submitted to the Qing dynasty at the beginni
People & BiographiesEidu was an early Manchu commander of the Niohuru lineage, historically associated with the Changbai Mountain region. He joined Nurhaci at an early stage and participated
Clans & GenealogyEidu Baturu was a founding general of the Niohuru clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Manchus. Volume Five of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Eight Banners Official Schools were a general term for the government-run educational system related to the education of the Eight Banners personnel during the Qing D
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Eight Banners system was a crucial military and social organizational system of the Later Jin and Qing dynasties, formed during Nurhaci's integration of the various J
Clans & GenealogyThe Eji clan, written with an older Chinese-character form in the original genealogy, appears in volume 46 of the Qianlong Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of
Clans & GenealogyThe Ejili clan appears in volume 61 of the Qianlong Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Its recorded ancestral locality was Guareca. Wulusun
Clans & GenealogyEjina was a member of the Tongjia clan, Plain Blue Banner, and his family had lived in Jiaha for generations. He was of the same clan as Huntohe and submitted to the Qing
Clans & GenealogyEkechu was a member of the Wanyan clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 28 of the officially compiled the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Ma
Clans & GenealogyIrgen Gioro clan of the Plain Yellow Banner. His family's earlier home was associated with Neyin, and the household entered the Manchu polity in its formative period. Vol
Clans & GenealogyComprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner Manchu Clans as a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Red Banner. The household was associated with Xiermen and joined
Clans & GenealogyEmoktu Baturu was a member of the Yehe Nara clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Yehe for generations and submitted to the
Clans & GenealogyThe Emotuo clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 53 of the officially compiled General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, and their ancestral home
People & BiographiesEmperor Daoguang, the eighth emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the sixth after the dynasty's entry into China, reigned from 1820 to 1850, succeeding Emperor Jiaqing. His re
People & BiographiesEmperor Jiaqing, the seventh emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the fifth after the dynasty's conquest of China, reigned from 1796 to 1820, succeeding Emperor Qianlong. Alth
People & BiographiesEmperor Kangxi was the reign title of Emperor Xuan Ye of the Qing Dynasty. He ascended the throne in 1661, changed the reign title to Kangxi the following year, and died
People & BiographiesThe Qianlong Emperor was the reign title of Hongli, the Qing Dynasty emperor. He ascended the throne in 1735, changing the reign title to Qianlong the following year, and
People & BiographiesThe Shunzhi Emperor was the reign title of Emperor Fulin of the Qing Dynasty. He ascended the throne in 1643, and the following year, after the Qing army entered the Cent
People & BiographiesEmperor Yongzheng, the fifth emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the third after the dynasty's conquest of China, reigned from 1722 to 1735. He was the son of Emperor Kangxi
People & BiographiesEmpress Dowager Cixi was a prominent political figure in the late Qing Dynasty. Born into the Yehenara clan, she was a concubine of Emperor Xianfeng and the biological mo
Clans & GenealogyThe Emuchuo clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation of the Qianlong Empe
People & BiographiesEmuhune is a member of the Gejile clan recorded in Volume 45 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners.
Language & ScriptEndangered languages refer to languages facing a continuous decline in intergenerational transmission, usage scenarios, or the number of speakers. Assessing the degre
People & BiographiesEnehe, also known as Enehe, appears in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the Cangmarji clan. Belonging to
Clans & GenealogyEngebu was a member of the Yehe Fuca clan, a bondservant of the Bordered Yellow Banner, during the early Qing Dynasty. He submitted to the Qing during the Tiancong era. T
Clans & GenealogyEngede was a member of the Huifa Nara clan of the Plain Blue Banner, whose ancestral home was Huifa. The year he submitted to the Qing dynasty is unknown. Volume 24 of th
Eight Banners & Institutionsentry of civilians and others into a dependent service relationship under banner households in Qing China. It was not identical to short-term wage labour, nor to a tenanc
People & BiographiesEntu was a member of the Wentehe clan. Volume 50 of the official Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners records that he belonged to the Plain Yellow
Clans & GenealogyEqibu was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Hunehe for generations, and he submitted to the
Clans & GenealogyThe Ercholu clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation of the Qianlong Em
Clans & GenealogyErchun was a member of the Kuyala clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Ma
Clans & GenealogyErdeni Bakshi was a multilingual civil official of the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Originally surnamed Nara, his family had lived in Duying'
Clans & GenealogyErge was a member of the Wuzhala clan of the Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 30 of the official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Gene
Clans & GenealogyErgede Guanggun is a member of the Tatara clan of the Plain Blue Banner, recorded in Volume 11 of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans compiled during
Clans & GenealogyThe Erhe clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation of the Qianlong E
People & BiographiesErhetu: Erhetu is a member of the Huiluo clan in Volume 52 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Bordered Yellow Ban
People & Biographiesthe Manchu Plain Yellow Banner and the Šumulu clan, belonged to the extended family of Yanggūri, an imperial son-in-law. According to volume 6 of the General Genealogy of
Clans & GenealogyErjin is a member of the Plain Blue Banner under the "Erhe Clan" section of Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, residing in
Clans & GenealogyErjina was a member of the Sikterli clan of the Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 34 of the official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive G
People & BiographiesErjina: Erjina is a figure from the Plain Blue Banner recorded in the entry for the Meng'eso clan in Volume 57 of the General Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banne
People & BiographiesErken was a member of the Ilari clan, belonging to the Bordered Blue Banner, and his family had lived in Ula for generations. Volume 47 of the Qing Dynasty official genea
Clans & Genealogyclan of the Plain Blue Banner. The family was associated with the historical Hada region and joined the Manchu polity in its early period. Volume 14 of the Comprehensive
Language & ScriptManchu writing errors refer to problems that occur during the writing of Manchu that may affect the identity of letters, spelling, word boundaries, or semantic expression
Clans & GenealogyErsong'e was a member of the Yuhulu clan, belonging to the Bordered Yellow Banner, and served as a First-Class Imperial Bodyguard. The official Qing dynasty compilation,
People & BiographiesErsongge appears in Volume 57 of the General Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Zhuanta clan. He belonged to the Plain White Banner a
Clans & GenealogyThe Ertu clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 54 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, scattered in places like Du
Clans & GenealogyThe Ese clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation of the Qianlong Empero
Clans & GenealogyEsheng'e was a member of the Hesheli clan of the Manchu Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. He was the son of Ayinbulu and the grandson of Muhulu, a military
Clans & GenealogyThe Esuli clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 49 of the Qing Dynasty official compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. T
Clans & GenealogyThe Esuoluo clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 58 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. Their anc
Clans & GenealogyThe Esurhu clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation of the Qianlong Emp
People & BiographiesEtenge appears in Volume 54 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy book, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the Zhangjin clan app
People & BiographiesEtuli was a member of the Manchu Xitala clan, belonging to the Plain Red Banner, and his ancestral home was in the Changbai Mountains region. The official Qing dynasty co
Clans & GenealogyThe Etuo clan is described in volume 51 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners as dispersed around Hetu Ala and other places. Saiyindali
Culture & Everyday Lifesacrifice or ritual observance conducted in the evening. In historical research on Manchu culture, however, the word must be interpreted in the context of a particular ri
Culture & Everyday Lifeface,” refers to a traditional method of facial grooming in which a fine thread is used to remove small facial hairs and shape the areas around the forehead and temples.
Clans & GenealogyFaktu was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in the Akuri region for generations and submitte
Clans & GenealogyFakuda is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan, a bondservant of the Bordered Yellow Banner, recorded in Volume 14 of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners, the Compreh
Clans & GenealogyThe Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners records two branches of the Fan family: Fan Siming and Fan Siwei, listed under the Manchu banner syst
Clans & GenealogyThe Fang surname appears in Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on Manchu banners and Nikan surnames. It
Clans & GenealogyThe Fang family is recorded in Volume 80 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the name of Fang Ting, listed as a Nikan surname in
People & BiographiesFang Yiwen is a family ancestor recorded in the Fang family entry of Volume 78 of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans, compiled during the Qianlong r
Clans & GenealogyFase was a member of the Tongjia clan, Plain White Banner, whose family had lived in Feideli for generations before submitting to the Qing dynasty at the beginning of the
Clans & GenealogyFei Deli, whose name is written as "Fei Deli" in the text, was a member of the Wanyan clan of the Bordered Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dy
People & BiographiesFei Se was a member of the Plain Yellow Banner's bondservant administration during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Liaoyang for generations, but the exact year
Clans & GenealogyFei Yanggu: Fei Yanggu is a figure under the Kang clan entry in Volume 77 of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans, compiled during the Qianlong reign.
Clans & GenealogyFei Yueerhun was a member of the Sakda clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 35 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive
Clans & Genealogythe Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered White Banner whose family was associated with Macha. The household joined the Manchu polity in its formative period. Although volume
Clans & Genealogymember of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain White Banner, whose family was associated with Namdulu. Volume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner Manchu Cl
Clans & Genealogyto the Guwalgiya clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner. He was the second son of Solgo, a chief of the Suwan region, and joined Nurhaci together with his father and approxim
Clans & GenealogyFeng An was a member of the Shumulu clan in the early Qing Dynasty, belonging to the Plain White Banner's bondservant class. He was of the same clan as Ye Chen, the son-i
Clans & GenealogyThe Feng family is mentioned in Volume 80 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on Manchu Banners and the surnames of
Clans & GenealogyFeng Pine was a member of the Ningguta clan of the Plain Blue Banner. Volume 41 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
Clans & GenealogyFeng Shiyong is listed in Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Feng clan. He belonged to the Bordere
People & BiographiesFengxiang (originally written as "FengXiang") was a member of the Plain Yellow Banner's bondservant administration during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Ningyu
People & BiographiesFengsheng'e was a Manchu commander of the Niohuru clan, registered in the Bordered Yellow Banner, and a son of Aligun. He inherited his family's first-class dukedom and h
Culture & Everyday Lifeshizi was worn by the formally invested heir of a Qing prince of the first rank on celebratory and other authorised occasions. It differed from the full court attire (cha
Culture & Everyday Lifewas the principal wife of an invested heir to a Qing prince of the first rank. Her festive attire (jifu) was intended for specified celebratory occasions, not for all the
Culture & Everyday Lifefujin belonged to the jifu system of regulated clothing used on specified celebratory and other occasions. The fujin was the principal wife of a duoluo beile, a rank of Q
Culture & Everyday Lifeguards were prescribed for specified celebrations and associated ceremonial occasions. They belonged to the jifu system and should not be confused with the formal court c
Culture & Everyday Lifefestive or auspicious dress, was a regulated category of clothing worn at prescribed Qing court and official occasions, including celebrations and certain ordinary court
Culture & Everyday Lifereferred to a duke outside the imperial-clan system, such as a holder of a merit-based or affinal title. His clothing entitlements must not be conflated with those of imp
Culture & Everyday Lifefestive dress of a man married to a woman bearing the Qing imperial-clan title xiangjun. The word efu designated a husband of a woman of imperial or princely status, but
People & BiographiesFeiyingdong, belonged to the Guwalgiya clan of the Suwan community. His father Solgo led followers in submission to Nurhaci. Fiongdon became an important participant in t
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe First Historical Archives of China is a national archive primarily focused on the collection, preservation, and utilization of historical archives from the central go
Culture & Everyday Lifeare defined by soles that are comparatively level and lack conspicuous raised heels or central platforms. The designation describes construction, not a noble title or an
Culture & Everyday Lifeflowerpot-soled shoes, is a conventional designation for elevated footwear associated especially with women's dress at the Qing court. A Palace Museum pair from the Guang
Places & HeritageIn the context of Chinese history and culture, the Forbidden City generally refers to the Ming and Qing dynasty palace complex within the Forbidden City in Beijing, now m
Clans & GenealogyFotene was a member of the Kuyala clan of the Plain White Banner. The official Qing dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Bann
Clans & GenealogyThe fourth genealogy entry, appearing in Volume 79 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, lists individuals with the surname Tainika
People & BiographiesThe governance of the Qing Dynasty's frontiers refers to the political, military, judicial, financial, and religious affairs management methods adopted by the Qing Dynast
Clans & GenealogyFu Dang'a was a member of the Zhaojia clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 31 of the official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive G
People & BiographiesFu Hu was a member of the Manchu Xingjia clan, belonging to the Plain Yellow Banner. His family had lived in the Qin region of Beihun Mountain for generations, and submit
People & BiographiesFu Tiangui was a bannerman of the Plain Yellow Banner during the Qing Dynasty, whose family had lived in Shenyang for generations. Volume 78 of the official genealogy of
Clans & GenealogyFu Tie was a member of the Wuzhala clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 30 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Geneal
Clans & GenealogyFu'erna was a member of the Guarjia clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Manchus. His family had lived in Hada for generations and submitted to the Manchus during th
Clans & GenealogyFubaihu was a member of the Sakda clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 35 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Geneal
Clans & GenealogyThe Fuca clan is one of the important Manchu clan names found in Qing Dynasty documents, with variations in transliteration and multiple branches of individuals appearing
Clans & GenealogyFuchala was a member of the Namudulu clan of the Plain White Banner, whose ancestral home was in Namudulu. He submitted to the Qing dynasty in the early years. The offici
People & BiographiesFuchang'an was a son of Fuheng and a Qing statesman of the Fuca family. Beginning as an imperial guard with a blue feather, he served in posts including deputy lieutenant
People & BiographiesFudai was a member of the Manchu Ezhuo clan, belonging to the Plain Red Banner, and his family had lived in Yehe for generations. Volume 46 of the official Qing dynasty c
People & Biographiesthe Šumulu clan of the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner and to the wider kin group of Yanggūri, an imperial son-in-law. His family was recorded as having resided in Kurka befor
Clans & GenealogyFuhacha is a member of the Bordered Yellow Banner under the "Meng'esuo Clan" section of Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners.
Clans & GenealogyThe Fujia clan appears in volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with ancestral homes associated with Huifa and Funing'e. The text
Clans & GenealogyFukatu is a member of the Niuyan clan recorded in Volume 51 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Bordered Blue Bann
Clans & GenealogyFukecha appears in Volume 51 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Zhalali clan. He belonged to the Plain Blue
Clans & GenealogyFulan is a member of the Ujara clan recorded in Volume 30 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Plain White Banner,
Clans & GenealogyFulita was a member of the Fuca clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Suifen for generations and submitted to the Qing Dyn
Clans & Genealogyeighteenth-century Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner Manchu Clans as a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Yellow Banner. The household was traditionall
Clans & Genealogymember of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner. The family was associated with Neyin and submitted to the Manchu state during the Tiancong reign of Hong Tai
People & BiographiesFuneheng was a member of the Manchu Murcha clan, belonging to the Plain White Banner, originating from Suifen, and submitted to the Qing dynasty at the beginning of the d
Culture & Everyday Lifea fur outercoat worn by certain Qing officials on prescribed formal occasions during cold weather. It was not a standard winter coat distributed to every person holding a
Culture & Everyday Lifeimperial son was a fur outer garment worn for specified Qing court ceremonies during cold weather. It provided protection against the cold while also expressing the statu
Culture & Everyday Lifean outer coat specified within the Qing imperial-clan system of formal cold-weather dress. It should not be confused with an embroidered rank-badge overcoat (bufu), a cou
Culture & Everyday LifeQing imperial-clan titleholders was a fur outercoat used under formal dress rules during cold weather. For the zhenguo jiangjun, it must be distinguished from a court rob
Clans & GenealogyThe Fusele clan is recorded in volume 59 of the Qianlong-era Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with Tun'ang'a named as its ancestral home. Gab
Clans & GenealogyThe Futa clan is recorded in volume 60 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with the Changbai region identified as its ancestral home. Zen
Clans & GenealogyThe Fuxi clan appears in Volume 62 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, where it is listed as a Manchu surname, and the family has res
Clans & GenealogyGabula was a member of the Zakuta clan of the Plain White Banner. Volume 36 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the
People & BiographiesThe genealogy book places Gadahun under the heading "Shufacha Clan"; here, Gadahun remains the main entry, and the surname heading only indicates the family arrangement i
Clans & GenealogyGadahun Shuose is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Blue Banner, recorded in Volume 13 of the official clan genealogy the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manch
Clans & GenealogyGagamu was a member of the Lijia clan of the Plain Yellow Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manc
Clans & GenealogyGahachaluan was a member of the Niohuru clan of the Manchu Plain Red Banner, and a paternal uncle of Governor Lailuhun. He submitted to the Qing dynasty at the beginning
Clans & GenealogyGahashanhasihu was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan in the early Qing Dynasty, residing in the Jiamuhu area. He was originally a local chieftain. The official clan geneal
People & BiographiesGahuda was a member of the Wentehe clan. Volume 50 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners records that he belonged to
Clans & GenealogyGai Xin was a member of the Lijia clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of
Clans & GenealogyGakhashan was a bondservant of the Xilin Gioro clan, belonging to the Bordered Blue Banner. His family had lived in Huifa for generations and submitted to the Qing dynast
Clans & GenealogyGakzhuli was a member of the Xilin Gioro clan, Bordered Blue Banner, whose family had lived in Wangqin for generations. The official Qing dynasty genealogy, The General G
Clans & GenealogyGakuna was a member of the Saimile clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 36 of the official Qing Dynasty clan genealogy, the Comprehensive Ge
People & BiographiesGan Du: Gan Du is a member of the Nizhuhun clan, recorded in Volume 56 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Plain Y
Clans & GenealogyGan Jitai was a member of the Zhaojia clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of th
Clans & GenealogyAccording to the appendix to the Irgen Gioro clan in Volume 15 of the General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, Gan Zhuhu's branch was registered as a b
People & BiographiesGangge, originally named "Gangge," was the great-grandson of Jing Yilu of the Hong'e clan. Volume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banne
Clans & GenealogyGanggu was a member of the Tongjia clan, belonging to the Plain Red Banner, and his family had lived in Yarhu for generations. He submitted to the Qing dynasty during the
Clans & GenealogyGangqin was a bondservant of the Irgen Gioro clan in the early Qing Dynasty, whose family had lived in Changbai Mountain for generations before submitting to the Qing. Th
People & BiographiesGangge is a member of the Xingjia clan recorded in Volume 43 of the Qing Dynasty's official compilation, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Bann
People & BiographiesGantakan was a Guwalgiya member of the Plain White Banner whose ancestral locality was Hurha. Volume 4 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Ban
Clans & GenealogyThe Gao family is listed under "Appendix: Nikan Surnames within the Manchu Banners" in Volume 74 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners.
People & BiographiesGao Jiru is recorded in Volume 80 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The original text states that he was a bondservant under the Pl
Clans & GenealogyGao Da was a member of the Zhaojia clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the M
Clans & GenealogyThe Gaojia clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianlong
Clans & GenealogyThe Gaojia clan appears in volume 57 of the Qianlong Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The source writes the first character in its standa
Clans & GenealogyGaputaka was a member of the Bayara clan of the Plain Blue Banner. Volume 38 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of th
Clans & GenealogyGarjin was a member of the Zhaojia clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the M
Clans & GenealogyGarjiu was a member of the Sikterli clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 34 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Gen
Clans & GenealogyGarse was a member of the Wanyan clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the
Clans & GenealogyThe term "Gaga Zhalguqi" appears in historical records concerning the creation of the Manchu script in the early Qing Dynasty. Volume Thirteen of the Comprehensive Geneal
People & BiographiesGasu: Gasu is a member of the Tomo clan in Volume 52 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Bordered Yellow Banner an
Clans & GenealogyGazhu is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan recorded in Volume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The verifiable information provid
People & BiographiesGe Bo is a member of the Plain Red Banner under the Han Chuha clan in Volume 60 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The original book
People & BiographiesGe Liu is a figure listed in Volume 53 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the He Yi clan. He belonged to the Plain Yellow Banner,
Clans & GenealogyGebaku was a member of the Yehe Fucha clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Yehe for generations and submitted to the Qing D
Clans & GenealogyGioro clan of the Plain White Banner. His family was historically associated with Jakumu and entered the Manchu polity in its early period. Volume 15 of the Comprehensive
Clans & GenealogyThe Geerke clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 59 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. Their ance
Clans & GenealogyThe Gejile clan appears in volume 45 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with branches around Yalan and Suifen. Bayala of the Plain White
Clans & GenealogyThe Gejin clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 60 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianlong
Clans & GenealogyGeket was a member of the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner Majia clan in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Suifen for generations and submitted to the Qing during
People & BiographiesGeng Shilong was a bannerman of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family originally resided in Shenyang, but the year of their submission is unknown
Clans & GenealogyGeniu: Geniu is a member of the Urguchen clan in Volume 51 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Plain Red Banne
Clans & GenealogyGentai is a member of the Tatara clan of the Plain Blue Banner, listed in Volume 11 of the official genealogy of the Manchu Eight Banners compiled during the Qianlong rei
People & Biographiesthe Nara clan, registered in the Plain Yellow Manchu Banner. His father Dayali was among those who submitted to the early Qing state. Gente fought against Ming forces and
Clans & GenealogyGentuheng was a member of the Fucha clan of Zakuta under the Bordered White Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. He was of the same clan as Delengge and lived in Zakuta for
People & BiographiesGerbu was a member of the Yangjia clan. Volume 54 of the official Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners records that he belonged to the Plain W
Clans & GenealogyGeshan was a military figure from the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume Thirteen of the official clan genealogy compiled
People & BiographiesGuwalgiya clan, affiliated with the Bordered White Manchu Banner. His family had earlier lived in the Warka region, and his father Hele entered Nurhaci's service. Gestai
People & BiographiesGong Adai was a member of the Qing dynasty's imperial family in the early Qing period, the son of Bayara and the younger brother of Baiyintu, making him a nephew of Nurha
Clans & GenealogyGongbulu was a member of the Lijia clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 33 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manch
Eight Banners & Institutionsexpression for gongsheng (tribute students) and jiansheng (Imperial Academy students or persons holding corresponding academy status) in Qing sources. It did not identify
Clans & GenealogyGongtai was a member of the Sakda clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 35 of the officially compiled General Genealogy of the Manchu Clan
Clans & GenealogyVolume 32 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners explains that Gorolo was originally a place-name and subsequently became a clan name. Me
Language & ScriptManchu case inflection refers to the use of suffixes and other forms to indicate the grammatical relationships a noun or related word embodies within a sentence. Unlike m
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Grand Council (Junji Chu) was a crucial central administrative body in the mid-to-late Qing Dynasty, its formation related to the needs of handling military and confi
Clans & GenealogyGrintai appears in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on the "Gaojia Clan," and is recorded as a member
People & Biographiesbelonged to the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Yellow Manchu Banner. His father Gunachan had served in the early Qing army. Gu entered guard service through an inherite
Clans & GenealogyThe clan of Tuguerji is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 51 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, electronically refer
Clans & GenealogyGu Hutu was a member of the Tongjia clan, Plain White Banner, and his family had lived in Macha for generations. He was of the same clan as Ba Duli Zhalguqi and submitted
Clans & GenealogyGu Lang'a was a member of the Lijia clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 33 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive
Clans & GenealogyGu Nai was a member of the Majia clan of the Plain Yellow Banner of the Manchus during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Suifen for generations and submitte
Clans & GenealogyGu Ning'a appears in the appendix to the Irgen Gioro clan in Volume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The genealogy lists him as
Clans & GenealogyGu Qi was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan in the early Qing Dynasty, originally from Yehe. He submitted to the Qing Dynasty at the beginning of its rule and served as an
Clans & GenealogyGu Qiao was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived along the Songhua River for generations, an
Clans & GenealogyGu Santai was a member of the Yehe Nara clan of the Bordered Blue Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. He was of the same clan as Jin Taishi and submitted to the Qing at the
People & BiographiesGu Xing was a member of the Plain Yellow Banner's bondservant administration during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Liaoyang for generations, but the year of th
Clans & GenealogyGu Yang'a is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan recorded in Volume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The verifiable information in
Clans & GenealogyGuala was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in the Saerhu area for generations and submitted
Clans & GenealogyGuana was a member of the Lijia clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 33 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Gene
Clans & GenealogyThe Guangjiala clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 58 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. Their
Eight Banners & InstitutionsGuangning Garrison City refers to the military and administrative space of the Qing Eight Banners establishment centered on Guangning, in the region of present-day Beizhe
Archives & Historical SourcesGuangyang zaji (Miscellaneous Notes from Guangyang) is a collection of notes attributed to the Qing author Liu Xianting. The examined electronic transcription is arranged
Clans & GenealogyThe Guareca clan appears in volume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The source explicitly describes Guareca as originally a place-n
Clans & GenealogyThe Guerjia clan appears in volume 54 of the Qianlong Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Families were associated with the Changbai mountai
People & BiographiesGulaku is a figure listed in Volume 54 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy book, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the surnam
Clans & GenealogyWu Guli, written as "Wu Gu Li" in the electronic text, was a member of the Wanyan clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 28 of the offic
Clans & GenealogyGuluge Chuhuer was a member of the Nara clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family's original genealogy records that they had lived in the Y
Clans & GenealogyGunbu was a member of the Wuzhala clan in the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 30 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the
Clans & GenealogyThe Guo family is listed under the Nikan surnames within the Manchu banner system in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. On
People & BiographiesGuode, in simplified Chinese, was a member of the Juechan clan, belonging to the Plain Red Banner. His family had lived in the Ussuri region for generations and submitted
People & BiographiesGuo Erkun (simplified as Guo Erkun) was a member of the Hurha clan, belonging to the Bordered Red Banner, and his family had lived in the Hurha area for generations. Volu
Clans & GenealogyThe Guo Erben clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 56 of the officially compiled General Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, and they resided in the He
Clans & GenealogyGuo He was a member of the Hesheli clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Manchus during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Hada for generations and submi
Clans & GenealogyGuo Heji was a member of the Sakda clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the
Clans & GenealogyThe Guo Hun clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 58 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They were
Clans & GenealogyGuo Jingyi was a bondservant of the Aha Gioro clan in the Plain White Banner, residing in Saharcha. The year he submitted to the Qing dynasty is unknown. Volume 18 of the
Clans & GenealogyGuo Keshu was a member of the Siketeli clan of the Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 34 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive
Clans & GenealogyGuo Li was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Yehe for generations and submitted to the Qin
Clans & GenealogyThe Guo Luo clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianl
People & BiographiesGuo Mushao was a member of the Manchu Gejile clan, belonging to the Plain White Banner. His family had lived in Yalan for generations and submitted to the Qing dynasty at
People & BiographiesGuo Qinbulu: Guo Qinbulu is a member of the Toljia clan, listed in Volume 56 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the B
People & BiographiesGuo Shangzhong was a member of the Plain Red Banner's bondservant (baoyi) system during the Qing Dynasty. The Guo family had long resided in Shenyang. Volume 77 of the Co
People & BiographiesGuo Tidao was an ancestor of the Guo family of the Eight Banners during the Qing Dynasty. Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banner
People & BiographiesGuo Youshi was a member of the Plain Yellow Banner (a bannerman belonging to the Manchu banner system) during the Qing Dynasty. The Guo family had long resided in Shenyan
Clans & Genealogyclansman of the Plain White Banner, from a family associated with Jakumu that entered the Manchu polity in its formative period. Volume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy
Clans & GenealogyThe Guoerji clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 57 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, scattered throughout
Clans & GenealogyThe Guojia clan is described in volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners as dispersed among Suwan and other places. Its recorded
Clans & GenealogyGuo Lin appears in the appendix to Volume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Irgen Gioro clan. He is list
Clans & GenealogyGulushun was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in the Jiamuhu area for generations and su
Clans & GenealogyGusai was a member of the Hesheli clan in the early Qing Dynasty, belonging to the Plain Blue Banner's bondservant class. His family had lived in Huifa for generations, a
Clans & GenealogyThe entry for "Qiangshiku" is a reserved entry for the mother banner. The official Qing dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Ba
Eight Banners & InstitutionsGushan is a common transliteration of the Manchu word gūsa. In the context of the Eight Banners system, it refers to the organizational level of a banner, and is an impor
Clans & GenealogyThe Guarjia clan is an important surname in Manchu history documented in clan records, commonly written in Latin alphabets such as Gūwalgiya. It does not correspond to on
Clans & GenealogyHai Baozhu was a member of the Wusu clan of the Bordered White Banner. The official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight B
Clans & GenealogyThe Hailasu clan appears in volume 56 of the Qianlong-era Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The source explains Hailasu as originally a locali
Clans & GenealogyHaita was a member of the Hadanara clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. He was the son of Wangxi, the uncle of Wu Erhuda, and his family had live
People & BiographiesVolume 59 of the Qing Dynasty's Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners preserves clues about Haitai's banner affiliation and the official positi
Clans & GenealogyHaksaha was a member of the Nara clan of the Plain Red Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. He was of the same clan as Dobono and lived in Zhangdi for generations before sub
Clans & GenealogyHala is an important Manchu term related to clan and surname, often written as hala. Understanding it requires placing it within the context of Manchu family and social o
Clans & GenealogyHarhaqi was a member of the Hulun Gioro clan, Plain Blue Banner, whose family had lived in Huifa for generations. The year of their submission to the Qing dynasty is unkn
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Han Chinese Eight Banners were a Han Chinese banner branch organization within the Qing Dynasty's Eight Banners system, formed through a specific historical process.
People & BiographiesHan Dingguo was a bondservant of the Plain Yellow Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family originally resided in Liaoyang, but the year of their submission is unknown.
People & BiographiesHan Heshang was a prominent figure in the Plain White Banner of the Qing Dynasty, whose family had lived in Shenyang for generations. The year of their submission to the
People & BiographiesHan Youming is a member of the Plain Yellow Banner's bondservant class, recorded in the Han family entry of Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans o
Clans & GenealogyThe Hanchuha clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 60 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qian
Clans & GenealogyHangqiba was a member of the Tatara clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 11 of the official clan genealogy compiled during the Qianlong re
Clans & Genealogyvolume 14 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner Manchu Clans as a member of an Irgen Gioro booi household associated with Fe Ala. The family entered the Manc
Clans & GenealogyThe Hanyan clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation compiled during the
Clans & GenealogyThe Hanza clan, written Han-zha with a variant character in the original, is documented in volume 56 of the Qianlong Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Ei
Clans & GenealogyThe Hanzha clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 56 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, and their ancestral home
Clans & GenealogyHaqikan is a term retained by the mother treasury, and is written as "Kachikan" in Volume 28 of the official Qing Dynasty compilation, The General Genealogy of the Eight
Clans & GenealogyHarba Baturu is a military figure from the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain White Banner, recorded in Volume Thirteen of the official genealogy of the Manchu Eight Banners c
Clans & GenealogyThe Harcha clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation of the Qianlong Emp
Clans & GenealogyThe Harji clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 61 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They origin
Clans & GenealogyHarku was a member of the Bayara clan of the Plain White Banner. Volume 38 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the
Clans & GenealogyHarsun was a member of the Zakuta clan of the Plain White Banner. Volume 36 of the official Qing dynasty clan genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans o
Eight Banners & Institutions'Harvard Manchu Studies' is not a fixed institutional entity that can be directly equated with the name of any independent department. Rather, it refers to the academic w
People & BiographiesPlain Blue Manchu Banner. Educated through the official school system, he entered service as a ceremonial officer of the Court of State Ceremonial and subsequently served
Clans & GenealogyHe Erhui was a member of the Tongjia clan, Plain White Banner, whose ancestral home was Zhakumu. He submitted to the Qing dynasty at the beginning of the dynasty and serv
Clans & GenealogyHeheli was an important figure in the Dong'e clan of the Manchu Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Originally the leader of the Dong'e tribe, he led his peop
People & BiographiesHe Luonuo and He Luonuo appear in Volume 55 of the General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Hong'e Clan of Zhaiqi. Sengse, a th
People & BiographiesHe Shan is mentioned in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Mari clan. The original text records hi
Clans & GenealogyHesoli was a member of the Tatara clan of the Bordered Blue Banner of the Manchus in the early Qing Dynasty. He was of the same clan as Daitukuhali and lived in Zakumu. V
People & BiographiesHe Tianqiang is a bondservant of the Plain White Banner under the He family section of Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners.
Clans & GenealogyHe Dong'e was a member of the Manchu Majia clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty, residing in Majia for generations. Volume Seven of the offici
Clans & GenealogyThe Heheqi clan appears in volume 56 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with an ancestral home at Nimaca. Sengsuke of the Bordered Blue
Places & HeritageHeilongjiang is both the name of an important river in Northeast China and the name of the northernmost province in modern Northeast China. When discussing the Manchu peo
Eight Banners & Institutionsinstitutions, shizi was a title conferred by the court on an eligible principal son of a prince of the first rank (qinwang). It differed from zhangzi, the title associate
Clans & GenealogyHejige was a member of the Wuya clan of the Bordered White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 29 of the official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Gen
People & BiographiesHeng Jiurong was a bondservant under the Qing Dynasty's Plain White Banner. His family had lived in Shenyang for generations, but the year of their submission is unknown.
People & BiographiesHeng Youde was a bondservant under the Plain White Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Shenyang for generations, but the year of their submission is u
People & BiographiesHengte is a member of the Eji clan recorded in Volume 46 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He
Clans & GenealogyHeqika was a member of the Wuzhala clan of the Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 30 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Gene
Eight Banners & Institutionscategory of Qing Eight Banners company leadership associated with a family's historic submission, the people originally brought under its authority, and recognized patter
Eight Banners & Institutionsmilitary grades conferred on the basis of military achievement or distinguished service and made inheritable under specified rules. The term did not mean that all salarie
Eight Banners & Institutionswhose obligation to serve particular families continued across generations. Although relevant to the social history of Qing China, the category was not confined to the Ei
Eight Banners & Institutionsdescendants to titles, hereditary military ranks, or particular recognized management privileges under rules established by the state. Qing sources use the term for diffe
Clans & GenealogyThe Herji clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 59 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They were o
Clans & GenealogyHermune was a member of the Irkule clan of the Bordered White Banner. Volume 39 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of
Clans & GenealogyHeshiheng was a member of the Bordered Blue Banner of the Ayan Gioro clan, as recorded in Volume 18 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Ba
People & BiographiesHese was a member of the Songjia clan of the Plain Yellow Banner. Volume 42 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of t
Clans & GenealogyThe Heseri clan was one of the Manchu clan names during the Qing Dynasty, commonly transliterated as Heseri. Historical records involve various individuals, ancestral hom
Clans & GenealogyHechen was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Yellow Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Warka for generations, and he and his clan submi
Clans & GenealogyThe Heshu clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation of the Qianlong reign.
Clans & GenealogyQitali was a member of the Ningguta clan of the Bordered Red Banner, and the character "Qi" retains its original spelling. Volume 41 of the Qing Dynasty official genealog
Clans & GenealogyComprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner Manchu Clans as an Irgen Gioro clansman registered under the Bordered Red Banner. The ancestral locality was Lefu River, while
People & BiographiesHetono, also known as Hetono, is mentioned in Volume 51 of the General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Urguchen Clan. He belon
Clans & GenealogyHetuo was a member of the Irkule clan of the Bordered White Banner. Volume 39 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of t
Clans & GenealogyQiyamu was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Akuri for generations and submitted to the Q
Clans & GenealogyThe Heyele clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 58 of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans compiled during the Qianlong reign. The genealogy be
Clans & GenealogyThe Heyueluo clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 59 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianlo
Clans & GenealogyThe Hisar clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 60 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. Their anc
Clans & GenealogyThe Hitara clan is documented in volume 43 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with branches in Niyaman Mountain, Yehe, Huifa, and other
Clans & GenealogyHekedun is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain White Banner, listed in Volume Twelve of the official genealogy of the Manchu Eight Banners compiled during the Q
Clans & GenealogyHong Bulu is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan found in Volume 15 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy, The General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. T
People & Biographiesname Hengjiu, came from Nan'an in Fujian. He passed the metropolitan and palace examinations in 1616 and served the Ming dynasty, first in assignments connected with Shaa
Clans & GenealogyVolume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners says that Hong'e was originally the name of a mountain and later became a Manchu surname. Fa
Clans & GenealogyThe Hong'echun clan is recorded in volume 54 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with branches around Yihan Alin Tunqi village and elsewh
Clans & GenealogyThe Honggun clan appears in volume 62 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with Saharca recorded as its ancestral district. Azhuhu was reg
Clans & GenealogyThe Hongguoqi clan is recorded in volume 62 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with the Changbai region designated as its ancestral home
Clans & GenealogyThe Hongjia clan is recorded in volume 55 of the Qianlong-sponsored Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with ancestral areas around Ula and the
Clans & GenealogyHongniyaka was a member of the Wuzhaku clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 34 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive
People & BiographiesHongzhou, of the Aisin Gioro clan, was the fifth son of the Yongzheng Emperor and the younger brother of the Qianlong Emperor. He was a prince of the Qing imperial family
Culture & Everyday Lifeof shaped sleeve end found on Qing-period garments. Its projecting outline is conventionally likened to a horse’s hoof. It is not an independent wrist guard, nor does the
Culture & Everyday Lifeare a form of elevated footwear associated particularly with women at the Qing court, including imperial consorts. The Palace Museum's description of surviving objects ex
Clans & GenealogyThe Hou family records two branches, Youcai and Baisihulang, in the section on Nikan surnames within the Manchu banners of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
Clans & GenealogyHu Cheng'e was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Akuri for generations, and he submitted
Clans & GenealogyThe Hu family is primarily recorded in Volume 74 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners through the Hu Hai family, listed under the Nikan
Clans & GenealogyHu Laixiang (originally written as "Hu Laixiang") is listed under the Hu clan entry in Volume 76 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners.
Clans & GenealogyHu Lehu was a member of the Dong'e clan of the Plain White Banner of the Manchus in the early Qing Dynasty. He was of the same clan as He Heli, and his family had lived i
Clans & GenealogyHumise was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Hunehe for generations and were of the same c
Clans & GenealogyHu Niu was a member of the Yehe Nara clan of the Plain White Banner in the early Qing Dynasty, related to Jin Tai Shi, and submitted to the Qing Dynasty at the beginning
Clans & GenealogyHu Shi was a member of the Ma Jia clan of the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Suifen for generations and submitted to th
People & BiographiesHu Shili was a member of the Manchu Feimo clan, belonging to the Bordered Red Banner. His family had lived in the Burhatu region for generations, and he submitted to the
People & BiographiesHu Tu, mentioned in Volume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for Jing Yilu of the Hong'e clan, was the grandson of Ji
Clans & GenealogyHu Xibu was a member of the Yehe Nara clan of the Bordered Red Banner, whose ancestral home was in Yehe. The year he submitted to the Qing dynasty is unknown. Volume 22 o
Clans & GenealogyHuxitai was a member of the Yehe Fucha clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Yehe for generations and submitted to the Qin
Clans & GenealogyHuabuxia was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan in the early Qing Dynasty, residing in Dong'e. He submitted to the Qing Dynasty at the beginning of the dynasty. Volume 15 o
Clans & GenealogyThe Huang family is primarily recorded in Volume 74 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, listed under the Nikan surnames within the Ma
People & BiographiesHuang Mao is a figure listed in Volume 77 of the electronic text of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, belonging to the Plain Yellow Ba
People & BiographiesHuang Taiji (1592–1643) was the second ruler of the Later Jin dynasty and a key figure in the establishment of the Qing dynasty. He succeeded Nurhaci and changed the dyna
People & BiographiesHuang Yichun was a bondservant of the Plain Red Banner who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty in the early Qing period. His family had lived in Liaoyang for generations. The
Clans & GenealogyHuba was a member of the Manchu Ezhuo clan, belonging to the Bordered Red Banner. His family had lived in Yehe for generations and submitted to the Qing dynasty during th
Clans & GenealogyHubali was a bondservant of the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Aha Gioro clan, residing in Fola for generations, but the year of his submission is unknown. Volume 18 of th
Clans & GenealogyHuchenbu was a member of the Wuya clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 29 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu
People & Biographiesmember of the Šumulu clan of the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner. His family was traditionally associated with Hunchun and entered the Manchu state during its early consolidat
People & BiographiesHuhuna was a Guwalgiya man of the Bordered White Banner whose family lived at Jia'muhu. Volume 2 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners r
Clans & GenealogyHuitai is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner, listed in Volume 14 of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans compiled during
People & BiographiesHui Te is listed under the entry for the Sacha clan in Volume 57 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Bann
Clans & GenealogyHuihelun was a member of the Kuyala clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the
Clans & GenealogyThe Huiluo clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 52 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, scattered throughout the
Culture & Everyday LifeHuimen, also known in related accounts as guining, was a post-wedding visit by a newly married couple to the bride's parental home. It followed the wedding procession, th
Clans & GenealogyHuketek was a member of the Ningguta clan of the Bordered White Banner. Volume 41 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clan
Clans & GenealogyHulahun was a member of the Majia clan in the early Qing Dynasty, related to Qiba. He lived in Majia for generations, and the exact time of his submission is unknown. He
Clans & GenealogyYe Chen, the Imperial Son-in-Law of Hule, was a member of the Shumulu clan of the Plain White Banner of the Manchus during the early Qing Dynasty. He originally resided i
Clans & Genealogythe official Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner Manchu Clans as a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Red Banner. The family had long been associated
Clans & GenealogyHuluhuchangjinai was a member of the Zhangjia clan of the Plain Blue Banner. Volume 40 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu C
Clans & GenealogyHumose was a bondservant of the Aha Gioro clan, belonging to the Bordered Yellow Banner. His family had lived in the Changbai Mountains for generations, and the year he s
Clans & GenealogyHumuqi was a member of the Sakda clan of the Bordered Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the M
Clans & GenealogyAccording to the appendix to the Irgen Gioro clan in Volume 15 of the General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, the branch to which Hundu belonged was r
Clans & GenealogyHuolong'e was a member of the Wuzhala clan of the Plain Yellow Banner. The official Qing dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight
Clans & GenealogyHuqiu was a member of the Huihe clan of the Bordered Red Banner. The official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners
Clans & GenealogyThe Hurha clan is a Manchu clan recorded in Volume 48 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The book explicitly states in its general intro
Clans & GenealogyThe Hurha clan appears in volume 48 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, which explains Hurha as a place-name later used for a surname. Fa
Clans & GenealogyThe Hurhasu clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 62 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianl
People & BiographiesHusang'a was a member of the Manchu Xitala clan, belonging to the Plain Blue Banner. His family had lived in Gaiji for generations, and he submitted to the Qing dynasty a
Clans & GenealogyHushiba was a member of the Majia clan in the early Qing Dynasty, belonging to the Bordered Blue Banner's bondservant class. His family had lived in Majia for generations
Clans & GenealogyHushita was a member of the Fucha clan, a bondservant of the Plain Blue Banner, in the early Qing Dynasty. His ancestral home was Hada, and he submitted to the Qing Dynas
People & BiographiesHushitun is mentioned in Volume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Hong'e clan. He belonged to the Border
Clans & GenealogyThe Huxi Li clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 57 of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu clans compiled during the Qianlong reign. The genealogy sum
Eight Banners & InstitutionsHuxia, literally “under a household,” was a term of affiliation and registration within the Qing Eight Banners system. It could refer to people listed under a particular
Clans & GenealogyVolume 42 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners states that Huxihali was originally a locality used as the name of a Manchu clan. Its famili
Clans & GenealogyThe Huxika clan appears in volume 60 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with Heilongjiang as its ancestral region. Feiyakuna of the Plai
Clans & GenealogyThe Huyulu clan is discussed in volume 56 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with Ula given as its ancestral region. Huniu of the Plain
People & BiographiesHuzhan was a Guwalgiya figure of the Bordered Yellow Banner whose ancestral locality was the Changbai mountain region. The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of
People & BiographiesHuzhu was a member of the Juechan clan, belonging to the Plain Yellow Banner's bondservant class. His family had lived in Fola for generations and submitted to the Qing d
Clans & GenealogyYibali was a member of the Hesheli clan of the Plain Blue Banner of the Manchus during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Zhaigu for generations and submitte
Clans & GenealogyIhana was a member of the Huifa Nara clan of the Bordered Red Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Huifa for generations and submitted to the Qing Dy
People & BiographiesIketeng was a member of the Ilari clan, belonging to the Bordered Blue Banner, and his family had lived in Huifa for generations before submitting to the Qing dynasty at
Clans & GenealogyIn the genealogy, Yilanmu is categorized as a historical place name and clan ancestral home, not a person. The preface to official Qing dynasty genealogies stipulates tha
People & Biographiescommander of the Šumulu clan, registered in the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner. The clan genealogy identifies him as a nephew within the wider kin group of Yanggūri, the impe
Archives & Historical SourcesShangyu baqi (“Imperial Edicts to the Eight Banners”) is the title of an official compilation of Yongzheng-reign directives concerning banner administration. It must be d
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe imperial examination system was a crucial system for selecting officials in traditional China. The Qing Dynasty adopted and adjusted the examination system of the Min
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe imperial examination system was a crucial method for selecting scholars and officials throughout Chinese history, developing into a relatively mature hierarchical exa
Eight Banners & Institutionsthe Eight Banners' Imperial Guard Camp (Hujunying), performing guard duty at palace entrances, escorting the emperor, and undertaking related military exercises. The expr
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Imperial Household Department (Imperial Household Department) was a crucial institution in the Qing Dynasty responsible for the internal affairs of the imperial famil
Eight Banners & InstitutionsEstates administered by the Qing Imperial Household Department formed an important part of the system supplying the court with income, grain, and other materials. They sh
Archives & Historical Sourcesas the imperial jade genealogies, were official registers of lineage and family status within the Qing ruling house. They documented changes within the imperial clan and
Places & HeritageImperial seals of the Qing Dynasty are historical relics related to the emperor's identity, state documents, etiquette, and the management of collections, as well as the
Archives & Historical Sourcescalled the Xiyu tongwenzhi, was a multilingual reference work produced under the Qianlong emperor to standardize names of places, individuals, offices, and other terms as
Clans & GenealogyImusaqa was a member of the Namudulu clan of the Bordered Red Banner, residing in the Namudulu area for generations. The Qing Dynasty official clan genealogy, The Compreh
Eight Banners & Institutionsdenoted soldiers whose ordinary mode of movement was on foot. In Qing sources, however, Eight Banners bujun had a particularly important association with the capital's ga
Archives & Historical Sourcesmiscellany by the Qing scholar Wang Shizhen, organized into four divisions: Tan gu (accounts of the past), Tan xian (accounts of notable people), Tan yi (discussions of t
Places & HeritageInner Asia is a commonly used analytical concept in modern historical and regional studies, generally referring to the steppe, desert, oasis, and plateau societies within
Places & HeritageInner Mongolia is the name of an autonomous region in northern China today, and a crucial modern geographical gateway for studying Mongolian history, Qing Dynasty leagues
Clans & GenealogyIlari was a member of the Fuca clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Yueketong'e City for generations and submitted to the
Clans & GenealogyIrchile was a member of the Namudulu clan of the Plain White Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. His ancestral home was in Woji, and he submitted to the Qing Dynasty at the
Clans & GenealogyIrjichan was a member of the Saimile clan of the Plain Blue Banner. Volume 36 of the Qing Dynasty official clan genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
Clans & GenealogyIrka Baturu is a figure from the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Yellow Banner, recorded in Volume Thirteen of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans comp
Clans & GenealogyYiza was a member of the Zakuta clan of the Plain Yellow Banner. Volume 36 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the
Clans & GenealogyJia Kedan was a member of the Manchu Ezhuo clan, belonging to the Plain Yellow Banner. His family had lived in Yakesa City for generations, and the date of his submission
Eight Banners & Institutions"Jiala" is a common transliteration of the Manchu word "jalan," representing an intermediate level in the early Eight Banners organizational structure. It can generally b
Eight Banners & InstitutionsJanggin (Chinese transcription zhangjing) was a recurrent designation for officials in the Later Jin and Qing institutional systems. The word alone does not establish an
Clans & GenealogyThe Janggiya clan is described in volume 40 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners as deriving its name from an earlier place-name. Families
Clans & GenealogyThe Jasuhuli clan appears in volume 42 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, which records people from Guareca Helun and other places. It g
Clans & GenealogyThe Jasuli clan appears in volume 53 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The source uses a variant Chinese character for the first syllab
Clans & GenealogyThe Jebai clan is recorded in volume 56 of the Qianlong-sponsored Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with Hanchuha given as its ancestral home.
Clans & GenealogyThe Jeli clan appears in volume 56 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners and is associated with Hada. Its principal ancestor, Engelü of the
Clans & GenealogyThe Jerde clan is recorded in volume 48 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with families around Jiefan and other areas. Tabudai of the P
Clans & GenealogyThe Jerqi clan is listed in volume 45 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with lines originating at Nimaca and Jilin Ula. Yinggene of the
Clans & GenealogyThe Ji family is listed in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on Nikan surnames within the Manchu Banner
Clans & GenealogyThe Ji family is recorded in Volume 80 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the name of Mingzhan, listed as a Nikan surname in F
Clans & GenealogyJi Feng, also known as Ji Feng, appears in the Ji clan entry of Volume 77 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. His original name r
Clans & GenealogyJixi is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan recorded in Volume 15 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The verifiable information pro
People & BiographiesJia Lu was a bondservant under the Bordered Yellow Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family originally resided in Shenyang, but the year of their submission is unknown.
Clans & GenealogyJiahun Bayan is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan recorded in Volume 15 of the General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The verifiable information provi
Clans & GenealogyJialeni was a member of the Wuzhala clan of the Plain Yellow Banner. Volume 30 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of
Clans & GenealogyJiamusun, whose name appears in Volume 53 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the Emotuo clan, belonged to the
Clans & GenealogyJianbai was a bondservant of the Irgen Gioro clan in the early Qing Dynasty, residing in the Yarhu area, and submitted to the Qing at the beginning of the dynasty. The of
People & BiographiesJiang Guozuo was a bondservant under the Bordered Yellow Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Shenyang for generations, but the year they submitted to
People & BiographiesJiang Nami is recorded in Volume 73 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Cui clan. The original book places th
People & BiographiesJiang Youlu is a prominent figure in the Jiang clan section of Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, belonging to the Bordere
People & Biographiesthe Šumulu clan of the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner. His family was associated with Hunchun and entered the Qing state during its early formation. Volume 6 of the General
Clans & GenealogyJilaka was a member of the Zakuta clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Volume 36 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of
Clans & GenealogyThe genealogy book lists Jili under the heading "Wa Clan," but the main subject of the entry is still Jili himself; the surname heading indicates the arrangement and cann
Clans & GenealogyThe Jili clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 53 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Their ancestral home was in
Clans & GenealogyThe Jilu clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 58 of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu clans compiled during the Qianlong reign. Their ancestral home
Clans & GenealogyJimuku was a member of the Nimacha clan of the Bordered Red Banner. Volume 39 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of t
People & BiographiesJin Dali was a member of the Yilali clan, belonging to the Plain Red Banner, and his family had lived in the Derji River area for generations. Volume 47 of the official Q
Clans & GenealogyJin Gui is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan recorded in Volume 15 of the General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The verifiable information provided i
People & BiographiesJin Guotai was a bondservant of the Bordered Blue Banner in the early Qing Dynasty, and his family had lived in Shenyang for generations. The official genealogy of the Ma
People & BiographiesJin Haoshan was a bondservant of the Plain Yellow Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Shenyang for generations, but the year of their submission is un
People & Biographiesand had passed the Ming military examination at the jinshi level. He served as an officer at Zhenwubao before submitting to the Later Jin. Under his new allegiance he bec
People & BiographiesJin Tang is a member of the Plain Blue Banner bondservant family listed in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official
People & BiographiesJin Wencheng was a bondservant of the Plain White Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in what is referred to as "Jinde City" in the original text, but th
Clans & GenealogyGuwalgiya clan registered in the Plain Red Banner, with ancestral ties to Yehe. Volume 3 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner Manchu Clans specifically stat
Clans & GenealogyThe Jingqili clan appears as an independent surname heading in volume 36 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The original master preserve
Eight Banners & InstitutionsJingshan Government School was a state-sponsored educational establishment in Beijing serving boys from households registered under the Three Banners of the Imperial Hous
Clans & GenealogyJingwen is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Red Banner, recorded in Volume 14 of the official genealogy of the Manchu Eight Banners compiled during the Qi
Clans & GenealogyJipukada was a member of the Usu clan of the Bordered White Banner, and the younger brother of Jisiha. Volume 37 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive
People & BiographiesJisai was the fifth son of Yindahuqi Mo'ergen, a Guwalgiya family elder. The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, volume 1, records Jisai und
Clans & GenealogyJisiha was a member of the Wusu clan of the Bordered White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 37 of the official Qing Dynasty clan genealogy, The Comprehensive
People & BiographiesJisun, whose name has a variant Chinese-character spelling in the source, was the third son of Yindahuqi Mo'ergen of the Guwalgiya clan. Volume 1 of the Comprehensive Gen
Archives & Historical SourcesJiusitang shigao xubian (“Supplement to the Poetry Manuscripts of Jiusitang”) is a continuation of the poetry collection of Yixuan, Prince Chun of the Qing imperial house
Clans & GenealogyThe Juechan clan is a Manchu clan recorded in Volume 49 of the official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. It
Clans & GenealogyJueha was a member of the Sakda clan, a bondservant of the Plain Red Banner, during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 35 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy o
People & BiographiesJuehuo was a member of the Youhulu clan. The official Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, Volume 50, states that the surname originated from
Clans & GenealogyThe Juejia clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianlong r
Clans & GenealogyZhunbulu was a member of the Tatara clan, a bondservant of the Bordered Red Banner, in the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 11 of the official clan genealogy compiled during th
Clans & GenealogyThe Jurchen are the name of an ethnic group historically active in Northeast China and neighboring regions. This group established the Jin Dynasty and was closely related
Language & ScriptThe Jurchen script is the historical writing system used to write the Jurchen language, closely related to the Jin Dynasty and its preceding and following history. Resear
People & BiographiesKabai was a Guwalgiya man of the Bordered Red Banner whose family lived in the historical Heilongjiang region. Volume 4 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
Clans & GenealogyKaqika was a bondservant of the Bordered Red Banner of the Aha Gioro clan, residing in Odoli. The year of his submission is unknown. The official clan genealogy, The Gene
People & BiographiesKaifei, also known as Kaifei, appears in Volume 53 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on the Emotuo clan. Belonging to
Eight Banners & InstitutionsKaifu in Qing administrative records referred to an officially approved restoration of a status, rank, qualification, or benefit previously lost or reduced through discip
Eight Banners & InstitutionsKaihu, literally “opening a household,” was an adjustment of household registration and dependent status within Qing Eight Banners society. It concerned, among others, pe
Clans & GenealogyKaiqi was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan, a bondservant of the Bordered Yellow Banner, in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Fola for generations and submi
Clans & GenealogyThe Kaiyan clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 56 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The genealogy clear
Clans & GenealogyKajulan was a member of the Sakda clan of the Bordered Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 35 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manc
People & BiographiesKakamu was a military officer of the Saharca lineage registered in the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Manchu division. His family had lived in the Ula region. After his fa
Clans & GenealogyKaksi was a member of the Ulanara clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. He was the great-grandson of Taifeika, the eldest son of Guduizhuyan. His
Clans & GenealogyKalan was a member of the Zhangjia clan, a bondservant of the Plain White Banner. Volume 40 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Man
Clans & GenealogyKalantai is a figure recorded in Volume 62 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Existing materials are insufficient to automatical
Clans & GenealogyThe Kaldasu clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 52 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, scattered throughout U
Clans & GenealogyThe Kalku clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 62 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with their ancestral home in the Ula reg
Clans & Genealogythe Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner Manchu Clans as an Irgen Gioro clansman of the Bordered Red Banner. His family was traditionally associated with Hada, but
People & BiographiesKang Kalai (simplified as Kang Kalai) was a member of the Hurha clan in the early Qing Dynasty, belonging to the Bordered Blue Banner, and residing in Xindamo City. Volum
Clans & GenealogyKang Wuli was a member of the Namudulu clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in the Namudulu area for generations. Volume 21
Clans & GenealogyThe Kangjieda clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 58 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They
Clans & GenealogyThe Kangxili clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 61 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qian
Clans & GenealogyThe Kangyili clan appears in volume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with Feiertaha village as its ancestral home. Bulachaha of the
Clans & GenealogyKantai was a bondservant of the Xilin Gioro clan, residing in Wangqin, as recorded in Volume 17 of the Qing Dynasty official clan genealogy, The General Genealogy of the
Clans & GenealogyKarqi was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Fola for generations and submitted to the Qing D
Clans & GenealogyKe Chu was a member of the Tatara clan of the Bordered White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 11 of the official clan genealogy compiled during the Qianlong r
Clans & GenealogyKepan (originally written as "Kepan") appears in Volume 59 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on surnames related
People & BiographiesKe'ersu was an early Guwalgiya clan figure from Suwan, listed in the Bordered White Banner. Volume 1 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banne
People & BiographiesKela was a member of the Use Banner. Volume 50 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners records that he belonged to the
Clans & GenealogyKele Shen was a member of the Usu clan of the Bordered White Banner, and the character "Ke" is retained in the original entry. The official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Co
Clans & GenealogyKemunu was a member of the Sakda clan of the Plain White Banner. Volume 35 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of th
People & BiographiesKeqi appears in Volume 59 of the Qing Dynasty official compilation, Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The core verifiable information lies
Clans & GenealogyThe Keqili clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 49 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, and can be simplified as Keqili. The genera
People & BiographiesKetle was a member of the Tuseli clan. The official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, Volume 50, records him as a member of the Plain Yellow Banner, res
Clans & GenealogyThe Khalqin clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianlon
Clans & GenealogyHaruk is a figure listed in Volume 43 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the Taichulu cla
Clans & GenealogyKochina was a member of the Irkule clan of the Bordered White Banner. Volume 39 of the official Qing dynasty clan genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Cla
Clans & GenealogyKokoli is a member of the Bordered Yellow Banner under the "Guohun Clan" in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, whose famil
Clans & GenealogyThe Kong family is listed under the Nikan surnames within the Manchu Banners in Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with tw
Clans & GenealogyKong Guo'er was a member of the Sikterli clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy
People & BiographiesKong Guoluo was a member of the Manchu Xitala clan, belonging to the Bordered Blue Banner. He was a fifth-generation descendant of Angguo Duli Bayan and served as a scrib
People & BiographiesKong Sizhen was the daughter of Kong Youde, a high-ranking official in the early Qing Dynasty. In the ninth year of the Shunzhi Emperor's reign, Li Dingguo's army capture
People & BiographiesKong Wenzun was a member of the Kong family who surrendered to the Qing dynasty and was incorporated into the Bordered Red Banner bondservant class. His family had lived
People & BiographiesKong Youde was a native of Liaodong who early in his career served under the Ming commander Mao Wenlong and subsequently became an assistant commander under Sun Yuanhua,
Clans & GenealogyThe Kongguoluo clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 62 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, which states that they lived in the
Clans & GenealogyThe Kongnila clan is included in volume 62 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, which gives Heilongjiang as its ancestral region. A forebe
People & BiographiesKorjida, also known as Korjida, appears in Volume 53 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the Zhasuri clan. Belonging t
Clans & GenealogyKoro Hui was a member of the Fuca clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Xibai for generations and submitted to the Qing Dyn
Clans & GenealogyKoroka: Koroka is a figure from the Dedule clan, recorded in Volume 56 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Pla
Clans & GenealogyKexine was a member of the Yehe Nara clan of the Bordered White Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. He was of the same clan as Jintai Shi and submitted to the Qing Dynasty
Clans & GenealogyKuai Mangaha is a surname from the Zhaojia clan preserved in the Muku. Volume 31 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
Clans & GenealogyThe Kualda clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 56 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, and its ancestral h
Clans & GenealogyKuashan was a member of the Tongjia clan, Plain Blue Banner, whose ancestral home was Lefutun. He submitted to the Qing dynasty at the beginning of the dynasty and was ap
Clans & GenealogyKubuli was a member of the Zhangjia clan of the Plain Red Banner. Volume 40 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the
Clans & GenealogyKude was a member of the Lijia clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 33 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy o
Clans & GenealogyKuerchan was a general of the Hesheli clan of the Manchu Plain Blue Banner in the early Qing Dynasty, the fourth younger brother of Yibali, and his family had lived in Zh
Clans & GenealogyKui Tai was a member of the Bayara clan of the Plain White Banner. Volume 38 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of th
Clans & GenealogyKuikan was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Huifa for generations and submitted to the Q
Clans & GenealogyKuktaka was a member of the Bayara clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Volume 38 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans o
Clans & GenealogyThe Kumutu clan appears in volume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The source records Suoqin and Shang'ata as separate Plain White
People & BiographiesKurbu, mentioned in Volume 52 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the Kaldasu clan, belonged to the Bordered Red B
People & BiographiesKurdan'a was a member of the Ilari clan, belonging to the Plain Yellow Banner. His family had lived in Yehe for generations and submitted to the Qing dynasty during the T
Clans & GenealogyKutune was a bondservant of the Aha Gioro clan in the Bordered Yellow Banner, residing in Emo and Edoli, with the year of his submission unknown. The official Qing dynast
Clans & GenealogyThe Kuyala clan is recorded in volume 34 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Its members were associated with Xingkan village and other p
Clans & GenealogyLaduha was a member of the Fucha clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Shaji for generations and submitted to the Qing Dyn
Clans & GenealogyLafang'a was a member of the Huihe clan of the Plain Red Banner. Volume 39 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the
Clans & GenealogyLaha was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in the Jiamuhu area for generations and submit
Clans & GenealogyLaha appears in Volume 54 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy book, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the Zhangjin clan appen
Clans & Genealogymember of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Yellow Banner, whose ancestral association was with the Neyin River. The family joined the Manchu polity during its early form
Clans & GenealogyLahamergen was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Saerhu for generations, and he submitted
Clans & GenealogyLahuta was a member of the Xilin Gioro clan, Plain Blue Banner, whose family had lived in Wangqin for generations. He submitted to the Qing dynasty at the beginning of th
Clans & GenealogyLai Da was a member of the Zhaojia clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 31 of the official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Gene
Clans & GenealogyLailu was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan in the early Qing Dynasty, whose family had lived in Dobaku for generations before submitting to the Qing Dynasty at the beginn
People & BiographiesXuepu, belonged to the Hitara clan and began his career within the Imperial Household Department. He served under the Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong emperors. Early appo
Clans & GenealogyThe Laibu clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 53 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Their ancestral home was
Clans & GenealogyThe Laibu surname appears in volume 53 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The recorded families came from Jakumu and Fo'ala. The gen
Clans & GenealogyVolume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners includes Laita in the appendix of the Irgen Gioro clan. His banner affiliation is listed
People & Biographiesmilitary figure of the Namdulu clan, a son of Kangguli and a member of the Plain White Manchu Banner. He entered imperial guard service while young and participated in mi
Clans & GenealogyVolume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners includes Lalali in the appendix of the Irgen Gioro clan. It registers his banner affilia
Clans & GenealogyLalik is a figure recorded in Volume 58 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners; those with the same name cannot be automatically merg
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe expression jiding shoutian describes an allocation of land according to a count of registered adult males or service-liable persons. Such arrangements appeared within
Clans & GenealogyLanda is a figure recorded in Volume 58 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners; those with the same name cannot be automatically merg
People & BiographiesLang Qi was a member of the Niegeli clan of the Manchu Banner. Volume 54 of the official Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans lists him under the Bor
Clans & GenealogyLangdali is a member of the Tatara clan of the Bordered White Banner, recorded in Volume 11 of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans compiled during th
Clans & Genealogybrother of Feiyingdong, a member of the Guwalgiya clan traditionally associated with Suwan. Volume 1 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner Manchu Clans lists
People & BiographiesLangjina is a figure listed in Volume 43 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the Xitala clan. He belonged to the Bordered Yellow Ba
Clans & GenealogyLangse was a member of the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner Majia clan in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Majia for generations, and he and his brother Langjid
People & BiographiesŠumulu clan of the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner, historically associated with Kurka. Volume 6 of the General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners places his s
Language & ScriptLanguage extinction refers to the process by which a language no longer has a community capable of naturally using and transmitting it, or through a long-term interruptio
People & BiographiesGūwalgiya clan, whose ancestral residence is given as Anchulaku. After joining Nurhaci, he was registered in the Manchu Bordered Red Banner. He participated in the conque
People & BiographiesLaosa, recorded with the extended honorific name Shuo'ong Kolo Baturu Laosa, was a Guwalgiya commander of the Bordered Red Banner whose family came from Anchulaku. Volume
Clans & GenealogyLalbao was a member of the Saimile clan of the Bordered White Banner. Volume 36 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of
People & BiographiesLashan is a bondservant (BaoYi) of the Bordered Blue Banner under the Sunjia clan in Volume 57 of the General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. His fami
Clans & GenealogyLata was a member of the Plain Yellow Banner of the Ayan Gioro clan, whose family had lived in Yehe Wusu Village for generations. The year he submitted to the Qing dynast
People & BiographiesThe Later Jin was the name of the regime established by Nurhaci in 1616, and it was the direct political precursor to the Qing Dynasty. Its rule was based on Nurhaci's in
Clans & GenealogyLe Te was a member of the Wanyan clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 28 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Geneal
Clans & GenealogyLehe was a member of the Wanyan clan of the Bordered White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the M
Clans & GenealogyLehede was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Dong'e for generations and submitted to the
Clans & GenealogyThe Lei clan has two important branches recorded in Volume 74 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on Nikan surnames
Clans & GenealogyLei Hu was a member of the Zhangjia clan of the Bordered White Banner. Volume 40 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans o
People & BiographiesLei Mingde was a bannerman of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Shenyang for generations, and the year of their submission is un
People & BiographiesSahaliyan and a grandson of Daišan, making him a member of a prominent branch of the Qing imperial lineage. After the conviction of his elder brother Adali, he briefly su
Clans & GenealogyLeng Sengji was a member of the Yehe Nara clan, a bondservant of the Plain Yellow Banner, in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in the Yehe region for generatio
Clans & GenealogyThe Lengbulqin clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 60 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They w
Clans & GenealogyYangguli, belonging to the Šumuru clan of the Plain Yellow Banner. Volume 6 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner Manchu Clans records that he served as zuol
Clans & GenealogyLengzhu was a member of the Wusu clan of the Plain Blue Banner. Volume 37 of the Qing Dynasty official clan genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of
People & BiographiesPrince Shuncheng of the Second Rank, and succeeded to his father's princely title. In 1672 he was assigned responsibility for affairs of the Imperial Clan Court, which ad
Clans & GenealogyLe Teng was a member of the Bayara clan of the Plain White Banner. The official Qing dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banne
People & BiographiesLhasali was a member of the Manchu Gejile clan, whose family had lived in Hetongji for generations before submitting to the Qing dynasty at its beginning. The official Qi
Clans & GenealogyLi Guangshu appears in Volume 75 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Li clan. He is recorded as a member of t
Clans & GenealogyLi Kai was a member of the Lijia clan of the Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the
People & BiographiesLi Shifu appears in Volume 75 of the Qing Dynasty's Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The original text states he was a member of the Bord
People & BiographiesShouchou, was an early Qing officer registered in the Han-martial-banner Plain Blue Banner. His father was Li Yongfang. Originally named Yanling, he entered Nurhaci's hou
Clans & GenealogyLi Wanliang is recorded in the Li clan entry of Volume 80 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, as a bannerman of the Plain Blue Banner
Clans & GenealogyThe Liang family is listed in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on Nikan surnames within the Manchu Ban
People & BiographiesLiang Shijie was a member of the Plain Red Banner's bondservants under the Qing Dynasty. The Liang family had lived in Tieling for generations and submitted to the Qing d
Eight Banners & Institutionsstudents admitted into the officially recognized schools of prefectures, departments, and counties through prescribed examinations. The standing represented educational r
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Lifan Yuan (Court of Colonial Affairs) was an important central institution in the Qing Dynasty responsible for managing affairs of border ethnic groups such as Mongo
Clans & GenealogyThe Lin surname appears in Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on Nikan surnames within the Manchu Banner
Clans & GenealogyLin Shangzong is recorded under the Lin clan entry in Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He was a bondservant of the Plain
People & BiographiesLiu Jinzhong was a military general in the early Qing Dynasty, a native of Liaoyang, originally serving under the Ming general Ma Degong. In the second year of the Shunzh
Clans & GenealogyLiu Qiyong is listed in Volume 76 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Liu family. He belonged to the Bordered
Clans & GenealogyLiu Sicheng appears in Volume 76 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the Liu family. He is recorded as a member of
People & BiographiesLiu Wuyuan, courtesy name Zhenfan, was a Liaodong-born officer registered in the Bordered Red Banner's Han Army division. Formerly a Ming guerrilla commander, he surrende
Clans & GenealogyLiu Yingsheng appears in Volume 76 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Liu family. The original text states t
Clans & GenealogyLiudali was a member of the Yehe Fucha clan of the Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Yehe for generations and submitted to the Qi
Clans & GenealogyLiude is a figure listed in Volume 79 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section "App
Clans & GenealogyThe Liujia clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 57 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, scattered in places like
Clans & GenealogyLiuliu is a member of the Xilin Gioro clan, Bordered Blue Banner, recorded in Volume 17 of the Qing Dynasty official clan genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Ma
Clans & GenealogyThe Long clan is listed as a Nikan surname within the Manchu banner system in Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, including
People & BiographiesLong Deyun was an ancestor of the Long family, a bondservant clan of the Bordered Blue Banner during the Qing Dynasty. The family had lived in Shenyang for generations, b
Clans & GenealogyLou Deng was a member of the Huxihali clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Volume 42 of the official Qing Dynasty compilation, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Cl
Clans & GenealogyLubahai is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Blue Banner, recorded in Volume Twelve of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans compiled du
Clans & GenealogyIn Volume 79 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on the Tainikan surnames within the Manchu Banners, the Lu family
People & BiographiesLu Tangjing was a bondservant under the jurisdiction of the Plain Yellow Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family originally resided in Liaoyang, but the year of their
People & BiographiesLü Yaomin was a bondservant under the Plain Yellow Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Shangyang Fort for generations, and the exact time of their sub
People & BiographiesLu Yaoquan was a bondservant of the Bordered Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty, whose family had lived in Shenyang for generations. Volume 78 of the Comprehensive
Clans & GenealogyLu Kesu was a member of the Wanyan clan in the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 28 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of th
Clans & GenealogyLukesu was a member of the Dong'e clan of the Plain White Banner of the Manchus in the early Qing Dynasty. He was a relative of Heheli and his original name was Lunbu. Th
Clans & GenealogyLunbu Kese was a member of the Zhaojia clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 31 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Man
People & BiographiesLuntu was a member of the Manchu Xingjia clan, belonging to the Bordered Blue Banner, and hailed from the Orkhon region. He submitted to the Qing dynasty at its beginning
Clans & GenealogyThe Luo family is recorded under the name of Luo Yongsheng in Volume 74 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, specifically in the secti
Clans & GenealogyLuo Ji was a member of the Tatara clan in the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 11 of the official clan genealogy compiled during the Qianlong reign, The General Genealogy of th
Clans & GenealogyLuo Jindu was a member of the Tongjia clan, Plain White Banner, and lived in Tongjia for generations. He submitted to the Qing dynasty at the beginning of the dynasty, as
People & BiographiesLuo Jiquan was a member of the Bordered Yellow Banner's bondservants under the Qing Dynasty. The Luo family had long resided in Shenyang, but the exact year of their arri
Clans & GenealogyLuo Luohun was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Saerhu for generations and were of the same clan as the Guala clan. He
Clans & GenealogyLuo Sa was a member of the Ulanara clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. He was the grandson of Burxi, the second son of Buyan, the leader of Ula
People & BiographiesLuo Shitai was a member of the Bordered Yellow Banner's bondservants under the Qing Dynasty. The Luo family had long resided in Shenyang, but the exact year of their arri
People & BiographiesLuo Tuo was a member of the Yilali clan, belonging to the Plain Blue Banner. His ancestral home was recorded as "Yin" in Volume 47 of the Qing Dynasty's official genealog
People & BiographiesLuo Tuohun, simplified as Luo Tuohun, was a member of the Esuli clan, belonging to the Bordered Yellow Banner. His ancestral home was in the Heilongjiang region, and he s
Clans & GenealogyThe Luo Yue clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 61 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They resi
Clans & GenealogyThe Luocha clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 60 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They were
Clans & GenealogyThe Luojia clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 57 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. Their ance
Clans & GenealogyIrgen Gioro clan of the Bordered White Banner. His family was associated with Ningguta and joined the early Manchu polity. Volume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the
Clans & GenealogyLuo Tun was a member of the Tatara clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty, residing in Anchulaku. Volume 11 of the official clan genealogy compiled du
People & Biographiesa different written form in the Draft History of Qing, was a member of the collateral imperial line descending from Šurhaci, Nurhaci's younger brother. He was the son of
Clans & GenealogyThe Luyele clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 58 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. Their an
Clans & GenealogyThe Lü family is recorded in Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the name of Lü Yaomin, and is listed as a Nikan surn
Clans & GenealogyMa Dahan was a member of the Zhaojia clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 31 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Gen
People & BiographiesMa Degong was a military commander from Liaodong who had previously held the Ming rank of regional commander-in-chief (zongbing). In the second year of Shunzhi he and Tia
People & BiographiesMarji, whose mother's original name was "Marji," was a member of the Hong'e clan and the eldest son of Zhaiqi. Volume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clan
Clans & GenealogyMa Fuchan is a member of the Tatara clan of the Plain Blue Banner, recorded in Volume 11 of the official genealogy of the Manchu Eight Banners, The General Genealogy of t
People & BiographiesMa Guangyuan, a native of Daxing in the Shuntian region, was an officer whose career crossed the transition from the Ming dynasty to the Later Jin and early Qing. He had
People & BiographiesMa Guozhu was an early Qing official from Liaoyang. During the Tiancong period he entered service in the literary office as a student of the classical educational system
Clans & GenealogyMa Hai is a figure from the Meng'e Suo clan in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, recorded as a bondservant of the Plain Red B
Clans & GenealogyMa Jihu (originally written as "MaJiHu") is recorded in Volume 61 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The original record states he w
Clans & GenealogyMa Xing'a is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan recorded in Volume 15 of the General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The verifiable information provided
Clans & GenealogyThe Macha clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 58 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. Their anc
People & BiographiesMaci (Ma Qi) was a Qing official of the Fuca clan, registered in the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner, and the son of Misihan. He entered government service through heredita
Clans & GenealogyMafu was a member of the Tatara clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 11 of the official clan genealogy of the Qianlong era, The General Gene
People & BiographiesYulan (YuLan) is a member of the Bordered Blue Banner bondservant family recorded in Volume 73 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Th
Clans & GenealogyIrgen Gioro clan of the Plain Red Banner, traditionally associated with Jakumu. The family entered the Manchu polity in its early years. Volume 15 of the Comprehensive Ge
Clans & GenealogyMaise was a member of the Usu clan of the Bordered White Banner. The official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners
Eight Banners & InstitutionsIn Qing military records, majia commonly denotes a category of mounted or armored Banner soldiers, associated with the cavalry establishment and the term xiaoqi. In this
Clans & GenealogyMajili was a member of the Lubuli clan, a bondservant of the Bordered Blue Banner. Volume 39 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Ma
Clans & Genealogymember of the Irgen Gioro clan registered under the Bordered Red Banner. His family was associated with Fe Ala and joined the emerging Manchu polity in its early period.
Clans & GenealogyMakara was a member of the Lijia clan of the Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Ma
Clans & GenealogyMantuhun is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan recorded in Volume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The verifiable information pro
Clans & GenealogyMana was a member of the Wuzhala clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 30 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealog
Language & Scriptof the graphic elements used to write the Manchu language. As a connected writing system, it cannot be adequately understood through the assumption that each letter has o
Art & Digital HumanitiesManchu archery refers to the archery techniques and related military, training, and ceremonial activities in Manchu history and culture. It is closely related to the trad
Art & Digital HumanitiesManchu Buddhism refers to the spread, belief, and institutional practices of Buddhism in the history and cultural life of the Manchu people. The Qing dynasty Manchu rulin
Art & Digital HumanitiesManchu calligraphy is an artistic writing practice based on the Manchu writing system. It relates to daily Manchu writing, Qing Dynasty official script, and the tradition
Art & Digital HumanitiesManchu calligraphy tools include writing brushes, ink, paper, practice templates, and auxiliary character recognition materials, and can also be extended to modern digita
Clans & GenealogyManchu clans are cultural and historical concepts involving family names, shared historical memories, and kinship. In studies of Manchu society during the Qing Dynasty, t
Clans & Genealogyimportant category for investigating the history of family organization, naming practices, migration, and social relations among populations associated with the Qing Eigh
Culture & Everyday Lifepart of the history of everyday life, ceremonial order, practical activities, and material culture. They encompass a wide range of garments associated with domestic use,
Culture & Everyday Lifethe Manchu people in the Qing dynasty included both tightly regulated palace costume and the varied robes, jackets, sleeveless vests, headwear, and footwear worn in Banne
Language & ScriptManchu consonants are a distinct group of sounds in Manchu phonology, differentiated from vowels. They involve the place and manner of articulation, as well as their comb
Art & Digital HumanitiesManchu cuisine is a collection of food preparation and eating habits formed within Manchu families, the Qing Dynasty bannermen society, and various regional Manchu commun
Art & Digital HumanitiesThe preservation of Manchu culture involves the recording, research, education, and continuous transmission of the Manchu language and script, historical documents, oral
Archives & Historical SourcesA Manchu dictionary is a reference book that records Manchu vocabulary, definitions, pronunciations, grammatical information, and usage examples. It may be compiled in Ma
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Bordered Blue Banner Manchu division, identified by a blue flag with a border, was administered separately from the Plain Blue Banner. A Qing banner was more than a m
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Bordered Red Banner Manchu division was one of the eight constituent Manchu banners. It was differentiated by its bordered red standard from the Plain Red Banner. In
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Bordered White Banner Manchu division was one of the eight Manchu banner organizations. Although its name resembles that of the Plain White Banner, the two were admin
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Bordered Yellow Banner Manchu division was one of the eight Manchu banner organizations. Its bordered yellow standard distinguished it from the Plain Yellow Banner. “
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Plain White Banner Manchu division was one of the eight Manchu banner organizations, identified by a white standard without the distinguishing border of the Bordered
Language & ScriptThe digitization of Manchu archives involves transforming historical Manchu documents into searchable digital resources through image acquisition, cataloging, text proces
Archives & Historical SourcesTranslation of Manchu documents involves converting Qing Dynasty Manchu texts into Chinese, English, or other languages. It is not simply replacing individual Manchu lett
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Manchu Eight Banners were a group of organizational units centered on the Manchu banners within the Eight Banners system of the Qing Dynasty. They formed a management
Places & HeritageManchu epitaphs are burial texts written in Manchu to record the deceased's identity, life, family background, and funeral information. They may appear alongside those in
Art & Digital HumanitiesManchu festivals are diverse cultural practices developed by Manchu communities throughout history and contemporary life, revolving around festivals, family ancestral wor
Language & ScriptManchu grammar studies how the Manchu language uses suffixes, word order, and syntactic structure to express people, actions, time, and relationships. Manchu belongs to t
Art & Digital HumanitiesManchu hairstyles encompass the hair-grooming methods and related cultural practices adopted by the Manchu people and the Bannermen society during different historical pe
Language & ScriptManchu handwriting refers to the handwritten form of Manchu script found in letters, memorials to the throne, notes, manuscripts, and calligraphic works. While it uses th
Art & Digital HumanitiesManchu horsemanship and archery are historically associated with Manchu military culture, the training of the Eight Banners during the Qing Dynasty, and court etiquette,
Places & HeritageManchu plaques are plaques or signs inscribed with Manchu characters, found in Qing Dynasty palaces, government offices, temples, and other architectural spaces. Some pla
Language & ScriptA Manchu keyboard is a collective term for keyboard layouts, input methods, and related software used to input Manchu characters on computers or mobile devices. It addres
Language & Scriptlanguage historically associated with the Manchu people. It should be distinguished from the Manchu script, the writing system used to represent it. The language possesse
Art & Digital HumanitiesManchu language education encompasses traditional language training and historical archive reading courses in Qing Dynasty official schools, as well as modern Manchu lang
Language & ScriptLearning Manchu involves a systematic understanding of its vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, script, and historical context. Learners may pursue various goals, such as
Art & Digital HumanitiesManchu language revival is a process of increasing opportunities for learning and practical use of Manchu through education, cultural activities, community participation,
Art & Digital HumanitiesThe Manchu language revival community is a network of individuals and organizations involved in Manchu language learning, exchange, research, and cultural dissemination.
Language & ScriptManchu machine translation is a technology that uses computer models to convert Manchu text into Chinese, English, or other languages, or to attempt to convert other lang
Archives & Historical SourcesManchu manuscripts are historical written materials recorded in Manchu by hand, including official documents, private notes, dictionary copies, religious records, letters
Art & Digital HumanitiesManchu personal names are a variety of forms of personal designation used by the Manchu people and their historical ancestors in different linguistic, social, and politic
Language & ScriptA native Manchu speaker is someone who naturally acquired Manchu during the early stages of language socialization and uses it as one of their primary family or community
Language & ScriptManchu OCR specifically refers to the use of optical character recognition technology to extract processable Manchu characters from Manchu images, scanned book pages, or
Art & Digital HumanitiesManchu oral traditions are activities in which Manchu communities transmit cultural experiences through storytelling, singing, tales, and ritualistic recollections. These
Eight Banners & Institutions(Zhenglanqi Manzhou) was the plain-blue division of the Manchu Eight Banners. The designation 'plain' identified a colour without the corresponding contrasting border; it
Eight Banners & InstitutionsManzhou) was one component of the Qing Eight Banners' Manchu division. It did not denote all troops who happened to carry red standards, nor a community separate from the
Eight Banners & Institutions(Zhenghuangqi Manzhou) was the Manchu division identified by a plain yellow standard in the Qing Eight Banners. It shared its colour designation with the Mongol and Han-m
Language & ScriptManchu printing is a historical and technological activity involving the reproduction of Manchu texts using movable type, woodblock printing, or modern printing and types
Language & ScriptManchu phonetics refers to the vowels, consonants, syllable structure, stress, and related pronunciation rules of the Manchu language. Studying Manchu phonetics requires
Language & ScriptManchu pronunciation refers to the phonetic representation of Manchu words in actual speech, including vowels, consonants, syllable connections, and prosodic features oth
Art & Digital HumanitiesManchu proverbs are short phrases in Manchu that express experience, advice, social evaluation, or wisdom about life. They serve as language learning materials and help i
Language & Scripthistorically used to record the Manchu language. It is indispensable for the study of the Later Jin and Qing states, not only because it was employed in official document
Places & HeritageManchu script on cultural relics refers to the Manchu characters preserved on plaques, inscriptions, seals, porcelain, utensils, books, and architectural components. Thes
Language & ScriptManchu script character recognition refers to identifying Manchu letters and word forms in images, printed texts, or handwritten materials. It is a crucial step in the in
Art & Digital HumanitiesManchu seal script generally refers to decorative Manchu writing that borrows from the visual expression or seal art characteristics of seal script. Here, "seal script" i
Art & Digital HumanitiesManchu shamanism is a tradition within Manchu history and culture related to deities, ancestor worship, and specific ritual practices. Its expression varies between the c
Art & Digital HumanitiesManchu shamanic tradition is an integral part of Manchu historical religious life, involving rituals such as ancestor worship, deity worship, and family guardian spirit w
Places & HeritageThe Manchu inscriptions on plaques in the Forbidden City are Manchu titles preserved or displayed inside and outside the buildings of the Forbidden City in Beijing. They
Places & HeritageManchu inscriptions are historical materials preserved in Manchu script on stone carvings and other media. They may include various types such as imperial edicts, temple
Places & HeritageManchu inscriptions in Beijing are extant or historically documented stone carvings in the Beijing area inscribed with Manchu script. These include temple commemorative t
Language & ScriptManchu stroke order refers to the habits and teaching rules governing the beginning, ending, connection, and arrangement of strokes when writing Manchu letters. It relate
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Manchu Studies Group is an organization or network focused on resources for learning and researching the Manchu language and related history and culture. It differs f
Clans & GenealogyManchu surnames are a subject of study in relation to the surnames used by modern Manchu families and the names of historical Manchu clans. During the Qing Dynasty, Manch
Language & ScriptA Manchu syllable is a basic unit of pronunciation in the Manchu language, consisting of a vowel and possibly accompanying consonants. The Manchu writing system uses lett
Language & Scriptrenders a text written in the Manchu script in a Roman-letter or comparable notation. In scholarly practice, an important distinction must be maintained between represent
Language & ScriptManchu Unicode encoding is an international character encoding standard used to represent Manchu-related letters and symbols. Unicode addresses the unified representation
Language & ScriptManchu verbs are an important part of speech in Manchu sentences, expressing actions, processes, states, etc. Their forms depend not only on the meaning of the root word
Language & ScriptManchu vowels are the fundamental sound categories in the Manchu phonological system. Their specific classification and historical pronunciation require explanation in co
Archives & Historical SourcesManchu woodblock prints are versions of books and documents written in Manchu script, produced using woodblock printing techniques, distinct from handwritten manuscripts
Archives & Historical SourcesManchu-Chinese bilingual documents are historical materials that contain both Manchu and Chinese texts within the same work or document, commonly found in Qing Dynasty ad
Places & HeritageManchu-Han bilingual plaques are physical objects that simultaneously use both Manchu and Chinese characters in the inscriptions of a single building or a group of buildi
Archives & Historical SourcesManchu archives are historical documents recorded and preserved in Manchu, especially materials related to government affairs, military affairs, court matters, banner aff
Archives & Historical SourcesManchu memorials to the emperor are official documents written in Manchu and submitted to the emperor during the Qing Dynasty. They are an important part of the official
People & BiographiesThe relationship between the Manchus and Mongols encompassed political, military, marital, economic, and cultural ties formed between different political groups in the La
Places & HeritageThe term "Manchuria" has multiple meanings across different eras and contexts: it can refer to the Manchu people and their historical identity, to the region of Northeast
Places & HeritageQing Dynasty bilingual (Manchu and Chinese) stone inscriptions are historical relics that contain both Manchu and Chinese texts on the same stone or in a group of related
Archives & Historical SourcesManchu-Chinese bilingualism refers to the simultaneous use of Manchu and Chinese characters in the same artifact, document, or text. Examples of this parallel writing can
Language & ScriptManchu-Chinese translation is the linguistic practice of converting spoken or written content between Manchu and Chinese. It holds significant importance in Qing Dynasty
Clans & GenealogyMandarhan was a member of the Hesheli clan of the Bordered Blue Banner of the Manchus during the early Qing Dynasty. He was of the same clan as Tusitu and lived in Hada.
Clans & GenealogyMandubulu was a member of the Ulanara clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. He was the grandson of Burxi, the second son of Buyan. His family had l
Clans & GenealogyManduhu, whose name appears in Volume 51 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the Zhalali clan, belonged to the
Clans & GenealogyManduhun is a member of the Bordered Yellow Banner under the "Zhuojin Clan" entry in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. His fa
Clans & GenealogyMang Amu was a member of the Saimile clan of the Plain Blue Banner. Volume 36 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of t
Culture & Everyday Lifebearing mang motifs, was worn by Qing officials on specified auspicious and ceremonial occasions. Its ornamentation was regulated by status. Juan 5 of the Illustrated Reg
Clans & GenealogyThe Mangguo clan is recorded in volume 62 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners as originating in the Ula region. Tangzhu's family belonged
People & BiographiesMangjia is listed in Volume 53 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Mu clan. He belonged to the Plain Yellow B
People & BiographiesMangjian was a member of the Ilari clan, belonging to the Plain White Banner's bondservant class, and his family had lived in Ula for generations. Volume 47 of the Qing D
Clans & GenealogyThe Mangjichuo clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 61 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They r
People & BiographiesMangjina was a member of the Manchu Gejile clan, belonging to the Plain White Banner. His family had lived in Yalan for generations and submitted to the Qing dynasty at t
Clans & GenealogyMangke was a member of the Huifa Nara clan of the Bordered Blue Banner in the early Qing Dynasty, the grandson of Wang Jinu, whose family had lived in Huifa for generatio
Clans & GenealogyManing was a member of the Wuzhaku clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the
Clans & GenealogyThe Manja clan appears in volume 50 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with historical homes in Kuca and Yehe. Suban of the Bordered Blu
Clans & GenealogyManuo was a member of the Tuseli clan. Volume 50 of the officially compiled the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners records that he belonged
Clans & GenealogyManping'a was a bondservant of the Plain Yellow Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. In Volume 31 of the official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of th
People & BiographiesManse was a member of the Plain White Banner under the jurisdiction of the Qing Dynasty's bondservants. His family had lived in the Changbai Mountains region for generati
Clans & GenealogyMaohai was a member of the Tongyan Gioro clan, of the Bordered Blue Banner, and lived in Yarhu for generations. He submitted to the Qing dynasty at the beginning of the d
Clans & GenealogyMaoyi is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 61 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They resided in Yi
Clans & GenealogyThe genealogy book lists Maktu under the heading "Xikede Clan," but the main subject of the entry is still Maktu himself; the surname heading indicates the arrangement an
Clans & GenealogyThe Mardan clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 60 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. Their an
Clans & GenealogyMarhan was a member of the Fuca clan of the Bordered Red Banner, whose family had lived in Xibai for generations. Volume 27 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Co
Clans & GenealogyMarkdu was a member of the Guarjia clan of the Bordered Red Banner of Manchuria. His family had lived in Anchulaku for generations and submitted to the Manchus during the
Clans & GenealogyMarta was a member of the Xilin Gioro clan, whose ancestral home was Wangqin. The family was listed as a bondservant under the Bordered White Banner in Volume 17 of the o
Clans & GenealogyMartu was a member of the Zakuta clan of the Bordered White Banner. Volume 36 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of t
Clans & GenealogyThe Martun clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 61 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They wer
Clans & GenealogyMasha was a bondservant of the Aha Gioro clan in the Plain White Banner, whose family had lived in Liandaowan for generations. The year of their submission to the Qing dy
Clans & GenealogyMatanga was a member of the Wuya clan of the Plain Yellow Banner. Volume 29 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of t
People & BiographiesMayashixi was an early Qing Guwalgiya man of the Plain White Banner, whose family came from Hada. Volume 3 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight
People & BiographiesMei Liang was a bondservant under the Plain White Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Shenyang for generations, but the year of their submission is un
Clans & GenealogyThe Meile clan is documented in volume 50 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with ancestral homes in Yehe and Hada. Xiben'e, a Bordered
Clans & GenealogyThe Meileng clan is listed in volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with Yehe as its historical home. Its recorded branches inclu
Clans & GenealogyMoneke appears in the appendix to the Irgen Gioro clan in Volume 15 of the General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Listed under the Bordered Yellow Ba
Clans & GenealogyMeng An was a member of the Wanyan clan of the Bordered Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 28 of the official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive G
People & BiographiesMeng Etu was a member of the Saharcha clan of the Bordered Red Banner. Volume 41 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans o
People & BiographiesMeng Ke appears in Volume 77 of the official Qing Dynasty compilation, Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the "Meng Fam
People & BiographiesMeng Kui is a member of the Eji clan recorded in Volume 46 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. H
People & BiographiesMeng Sanyuan was a member of the Plain White Banner's bondservant administration during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Shenyang for generations, but the exact
Clans & GenealogyThe Meng'eso clan is recorded in volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with branches from Wamian River, Changbai, Hunchun, and Zh
Clans & GenealogyMenggu Shenguohe (originally titled "Menggu Shenguohe") was a member of the Fucha clan of the Bordered White Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. He was the grandson of Kong
Clans & GenealogyThe Mengguozi clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 62 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation of the Qianl
Clans & GenealogyThe Meng’eluo clan is listed in Volume 58 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. Their ancestral home was
Clans & GenealogyThe Merdile clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 52 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, scattered in places li
People & BiographiesMergen appears in the Dujia clan entry of Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The original text notes that he was a bondser
Eight Banners & Institutionsrank in recognition of service or merit. Qing institutional writing frequently contrasts it with enfeoffment by imperial favour or family connection (enfeng). It named th
Clans & GenealogyThe Merji clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 61 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianlon
Clans & GenealogyThe Merzhele clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 52 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, and they originally r
Clans & GenealogyMiao Shihun was a member of the Tongjia clan, Plain White Banner, and his family had lived in Macha for generations. He was of the same clan as Ba Duli Zhalguqi and submi
Eight Banners & Institutionsgeneral (zhufang jiangjun) was a high-ranking military and administrative officer stationed at an important Qing city or frontier center to oversee the local Eight Banner
Eight Banners & Institutionsadministration, junzheng referred to the formal periodic evaluation of military officers, not simply to 'military politics' in the modern general sense. It resembled the
People & BiographiesMin Guorui is a bondservant of the Plain Yellow Banner, listed in the Min Clan entry of Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners.
Clans & GenealogyMing Antu Bayan was a member of the Namudulu clan of the Bordered Red Banner. His family had lived in Suifen for generations, and he was originally a local minister. Volu
People & BiographiesThe Ming Dynasty, founded by Zhu Yuanzhang, ruled China from 1368 to 1644. For Manchu history, the Ming Dynasty was not only the central dynasty preceding the Qing Dynast
Clans & GenealogyThe Ming'an clan appears in volume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with Jiefan as its ancestral locality. A variant Chinese graph
Clans & GenealogyMingyu was a member of the Lijia clan of the Plain Blue Banner. The official Qing dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banner
Clans & GenealogyMingzhan appears in Volume 80 of the Qing Dynasty official compilation, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section "Supplemen
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Ministry of Rites (Libu) was one of the Six Ministries of the Ming and Qing dynasties, primarily responsible for national rites, regulations, and related affairs. In
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Ministry of War was one of the Six Ministries of the Ming and Qing dynasties, responsible for a certain range of military administrative affairs, such as military ran
Archives & Historical Sourcesby the Qing author Liu Tingji. The examined edition in the Liaohai congshu presents four juan with introductory and concluding materials. Here zazhi means collected notes
Clans & GenealogyThe Mizha clan appears in Volume 62 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, a Manchu surname that originally resided in the Nimacha regio
Clans & GenealogyMo Shi was a member of the Huifa Nara clan of the Bordered Red Banner, whose ancestral home was Huifa. The year he submitted to the Qing dynasty is unknown. Volume 24 of
Clans & GenealogyThe Moerqili clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 60 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation of the Qianlo
Clans & GenealogyMogude was a member of the Wanyan clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 28 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive Genea
Clans & GenealogyMoke was a member of the Zhangjia clan of the Plain Red Banner. Volume 40 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the E
Clans & GenealogyThe Moketuo clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans, an official compilation of the Qianlong Emper
People & BiographiesGioro clan of the Plain Red Manchu Banner, with ancestral associations in Hunaheru. He advanced from adjudicatory work in the Board of Punishments and service in the Boar
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Mongol Eight Banners were the Mongol banner units within the Qing Dynasty's Eight Banners system, formed during the historical process of absorbing Mongol population
Language & ScriptMongolian script is one of the writing systems used to write the Mongolian language. Traditional Mongolian script uses a vertical writing style, with letters connected wi
People & BiographiesThe monk was a member of the Plain Yellow Banner's bondservants under the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Fushun for generations, but the exact time of their submis
Clans & GenealogyThe Moyueluo clan appears in Volume 62 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, and is a Manchu surname that, according to the genealogy,
Clans & GenealogyMu Hu was a member of the Wusu clan of the Bordered White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 37 of the official Qing Dynasty clan genealogy, The Comprehensive G
Clans & GenealogyMu Yijin is a figure recorded in Volume 73 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Existing materials are insufficient to automatical
Clans & GenealogyMu Zhuhu appears in the appendix to the Irgen Gioro clan in Volume 15 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Listed under the Plain
Clans & GenealogyMudang'a was a member of the Tatara clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Anchulaku for generations and submitted to the Qin
People & BiographiesMuhada was a Guwalgiya ancestor associated with Warka and expressly described as a clansman of Zha'erjiu. Volume 2 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of t
Clans & GenealogyMu Han was a member of the Shumulu clan of the Plain White Banner of the Manchus during the early Qing Dynasty, residing in the Hunchun Dumahu area. Volume Six of the off
Clans & GenealogyMuketan Baturu was a member of the Daijia clan of the Bordered Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 29 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehens
Clans & GenealogyMukhali appears in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on the "Erhe Clan," and is recorded as a member of
Clans & GenealogyMuketu was a member of the Yitemo clan of the Plain Blue Banner. Volume 42 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the
Clans & GenealogyThe Muktu clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 58 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They origin
Clans & GenealogyMukun is an important term in the study of Manchu social kinship organization, often appearing in transliterated forms such as mukūn. It is related to family branches, an
People & BiographiesMulima was a Guwalgiya military commander of the Bordered Yellow Banner, the sixth son of Weiqi and a younger brother of Oboi. Volume 1 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of
Culture & Everyday Life“thousand-layer sole”) refers to a traditional type of cloth shoe distinguished chiefly by the construction of its sole. Layers of textile are assembled, sometimes using
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe multilingual system of the Qing Dynasty was an institutionalized practice that simultaneously used Manchu, Chinese, Mongolian, and Tibetan languages in Qing adminis
Clans & GenealogyThe Mulu clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 60 of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu clans compiled during the Qianlong reign. They originally resi
Clans & GenealogyMumulide Teh is a member of the Ujara clan recorded in Volume 30 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Bordered Yell
Clans & GenealogyMuqinagaha is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner, recorded in Volume Twelve of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans compil
Clans & GenealogyMurcha was a member of the Namudulu clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Suifen for generations and submitted to the Qin
Clans & GenealogyMutun was a member of the Sakda clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 35 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealo
Clans & GenealogyMuxitun was a member of the Wanyan clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 28 of the officially compiled General Genealogy of the Manchu Cla
People & BiographiesMuzhan was a Nara-lineage officer of the Plain Yellow Banner and the son of Nanchu. He initially served as an imperial guard and niru ejen. In 1659 (Shunzhi 16), he took
Language & ScriptThe Möllendorff transliteration is a commonly used Latin alphabet transliteration system in Manchu language studies, named after Paul Georg von Möllendorff, a 19th-centur
Clans & GenealogyNelson was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in the Ula region for generations and submitted
People & BiographiesNahantai, simplified as Nahantai, was a member of the Hurha clan in the early Qing Dynasty, belonging to the Plain Red Banner, and residing in the Hurha region. Volume 48
Clans & GenealogyThe Nahata clan appears in Volume 62 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, and is a Manchu surname that has long resided in the Guoluog
Clans & GenealogyNaiyongyi was a member of the Nara clan under the jurisdiction of the Plain Yellow Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Yizhou for generations and su
Clans & GenealogyNaige Feiyada was a member of the Xilin Gioro clan, Plain Blue Banner, whose family had lived in Fola for generations and submitted to the Qing dynasty at the beginning o
People & BiographiesNaihu is a member of the Xingjia clan recorded in Volume 43 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners
Clans & GenealogyNakai is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain White Banner, recorded in Volume Thirteen of the official genealogy of the Manchu Eight Banners compiled during the
Clans & GenealogyNamutai was a member of the Ayan Gioro clan of the Bordered White Banner, residing in Feiyalang'a. The year of his submission to the Qing dynasty is unknown. The official
Clans & Genealogybrother of Yangguli, originally belonging to the Šumuru clan of the Plain Yellow Banner. Volume 6 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner Manchu Clans records
People & BiographiesNan Dai is a member of the Zhuersu clan in Volume 56 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Plain Red Banner and his
Clans & GenealogyNaqin is a bannerman recorded under the Guojia clan in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The genealogy explicitly states
Clans & GenealogyNarbu was a member of the Guarjia clan of the Manchu Plain Blue Banner. His family had lived in Suwan for generations and were of the same clan as Danbu, submitting to th
Clans & GenealogyNarcha was a member of the Niohuru clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Manchus, whose ancestral home was Guarjia in Antu. He submitted to the Qing dynasty at the be
Clans & GenealogyNarhun was a member of the Shumulu clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Manchus during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Hunchun for generations and su
Clans & GenealogyNarhun is a figure recorded in Volume 59 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Existing materials are insufficient to automatically
Clans & GenealogyThe Nata clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 58 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They origina
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe National Palace Museum, located in Taipei, Taiwan, houses and researches a vast collection of Chinese imperial artifacts and historical documents from various dynasti
Clans & GenealogyNaqibu was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Hunehe for generations and submitted to the Qi
People & BiographiesNiohuru clan, registered in the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner. He was a great-grandson of Eidu and the second son of Yinde. In 1727 he succeeded to a hereditary dukedom a
Clans & GenealogyNeguli is a member of the Tatara clan of the Bordered Red Banner, listed in Volume 11 of the official genealogy of the Manchu Eight Banners compiled during the Qianlong r
Clans & GenealogyNeku was a member of the Sakda clan of the Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 35 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu C
People & BiographiesNele appears in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the Esurhu clan. He belonged to the Bordered Blue Ba
People & BiographiesNerhe, originally named "Nerhe," was a Manchu bannerman of the Muld clan during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 61 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of th
Clans & GenealogyNetu was a member of the Sakda clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 35 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy
Language & ScriptThe "New Manchu" generally refers to the standardized and improved Manchu script of the early Qing Dynasty, as opposed to the earlier "Old Manchu." Traditional historical
Archives & Historical SourcesThe New Qing History is a significant area of discussion in Qing history research since the late 20th century. It emphasizes re-examining the Qing dynasty's state struc
Clans & GenealogyNexin was a member of the Zhaojia clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 31 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manch
Clans & GenealogyNidana was a member of the Saimile clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Volume 36 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans o
People & BiographiesNie Du appears in Volume 60 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Zhahama clan. He belonged to the Plain Red Ba
People & BiographiesVolume 58 of the Qing Dynasty's Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners preserves clues about Nersu's banner affiliation and the positions held b
Clans & GenealogyThe Niegeli clan is recorded in volume 54 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with lines at Yehe and Huifa. Huerhan of the Bordered White
Clans & GenealogyThe Nija clan is recorded in volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with branches around the Urxi River, Shenyang, and Xingshan. T
Clans & GenealogyNikali was a member of the Ningguta clan of the Plain Blue Banner. Volume 41 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of th
Clans & GenealogyNikan Hongke was a member of the Tongjia clan, belonging to the Plain Red Banner. His family had lived in the Changbai Mountains for generations and submitted to the Qing
Clans & GenealogyNikan Wailan, mentioned in this entry, is a member of the Tongjia clan, Bordered White Banner, recorded in Volume 19 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy, The General G
People & BiographiesNikan was a prince and military commander of the early Qing imperial family, a son of Cuyen (Cuying) and grandson of Nurhaci. This entry concerns the man later granted th
People & BiographiesNikana appears in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Buyamuqi clan. He belonged to the Plain Red Banne
Clans & GenealogyVolume 39 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners explains Nimaca as a place-name later used for a Manchu surname. Its genealogical material i
Clans & GenealogyNing Deyou (originally written as "NingDeYou") appears in the Ning clan entry of Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, record
Clans & GenealogyNingguta (originally written as "Ningguta" in the original database) is treated as a historical place name and clan's ancestral residence in this database, not a personal
Clans & GenealogyNingguta was an important garrison and military-political center in Northeast China during the Qing Dynasty, and it is also mentioned in historical narratives of Qing exi
Clans & GenealogyThe Ningguta clan is documented in volume 41 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The text states that Ningguta was originally a place-nam
Clans & GenealogyThe Niohuru clan was one of the Manchu clans during the Qing Dynasty, commonly transliterated as Niohuru. Historical documents link this surname to different banners, ind
Clans & GenealogyThe Niqili clan is included in volume 53 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with members around Ula and elsewhere. One branch descended
Eight Banners & InstitutionsNiru is a common transliteration of the Manchu word niru, and it was one of the basic organizational units in the Eight Banners system of the Later Jin and Qing dynasties
Eight Banners & Institutionsbasic Eight Banners officer and a term used for the banner company that he administered. The institution developed from the early Manchu niru organization; early titles s
Eight Banners & InstitutionsNiru ejen was the title of the leader of a niru, the basic organizational unit developed under the Later Jin state and subsequently known in Chinese as a zuoling, or bann
People & BiographiesNitang'a was a Guwalgiya man of the Bordered Blue Banner who came from Nimacha. Volume 2 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners records t
People & BiographiesNiu Chu was a member of the Manchu Samarji clan, belonging to the Bordered Blue Banner, and hailing from the Hurha region. He once served as a military officer. The Qing
Clans & GenealogyThe Niu family is recorded in Volume 74 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, listed under the Nikan surname within the Manchu Banners.
People & BiographiesNiu Niu (NiuYou), also known as Niu Niu (NiuNiu), appears in Volume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for Jing Yilu (
Clans & GenealogyIrgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Blue Banner. The family was associated with Hurha and entered the Manchu polity in its early period. Volume 15 of the Comprehensive Genea
Clans & GenealogyThe Niuhe clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 58 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. Their ances
Clans & GenealogyThe Niuhut clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 58 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They ori
Clans & GenealogyThe Niuyan clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 51 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with its ancestral home r
Clans & GenealogyThe Nixi Li clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans, an official compilation of the Qianlong Emper
Clans & GenealogyNiya Xing'a was a member of the Sujia clan, belonging to the Plain Red Banner, and originally from Yehe. He submitted to the Qing dynasty at the beginning of the dynasty.
Clans & GenealogyNiyage was a member of the Zhaojia clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 31 of the official Qing Dynasty compilation, the Comprehensive Gen
People & BiographiesNiyahuli appears in the entry for the Ximole clan in Volume 57 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banner
Clans & GenealogyThe Niyangniya clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 57 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They w
Clans & GenealogyNiyaning Abuku was a member of the Shumulu clan of the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Korka for generations and submitt
Clans & GenealogyNiyatang'e was a member of the Fuca clan of the Plain Yellow Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. His ancestral home was in Gahali and Luoshelin villages, as recorded in the
Clans & GenealogyNiyintaha was a member of the Hesheli clan in the early Qing Dynasty, belonging to the Plain Yellow Banner's bondservant class. His family had lived in Hada for generatio
Clans & GenealogyThe Nizhuhun clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 56 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, and its ancestors resid
Clans & GenealogyNomindo was a member of the Daijia clan of the Bordered Blue Banner. Volume 29 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of
Clans & GenealogyNomutu is a bondservant (baoyi) of the Plain Blue Banner in the Wanyan clan genealogy. Volume 28 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of
Clans & GenealogyNoyintai was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Neyin for generations and submitted to th
Places & HeritageNortheast China today generally refers to the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang, a region closely associated with the history of the Manchu, Jurchen, X
Places & HeritageThe Northeast region is a geographical area in northeastern China, generally referring to the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang in modern times. It is
Clans & GenealogyNukai'ata was a member of the Dong'e clan of the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. He was of the same clan as Heheli, and his family had lived in
Clans & GenealogyThe Nuoluo clan is documented in volume 61 of the Qianlong court's Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Its ancestral locality is given as th
People & BiographiesNurhaci (1559–1626) was the founder of the Later Jin regime and a key historical figure in the formation of the Qing Dynasty. He established the Later Jin regime in 1616;
Qing Historywere seven accusations presented by Nurhaci in 1618, the third year of the Later Jin Tianming reign, as a justification for taking up arms against the Ming dynasty. They
Clans & GenealogyThe Nurhara clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 62 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. The gen
Clans & GenealogyNuyan was a member of the Tongjia clan, Bordered Blue Banner, and a relative of Tong Yangzheng. His family had lived in Tongjia for generations. At the beginning of the d
Clans & GenealogyEbai was a member of the Xilin Gioro clan, Bordered Blue Banner, whose family had lived in Wangqin for generations. Volume 17 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu
Clans & GenealogyBordered Yellow Banner and the third son of Weiqi. Baturu, attached to his name, was an honorific for military valor rather than a separate surname. Volume 1 of the Compr
Language & ScriptOCR stands for Optical Character Recognition, a technology that identifies text from images and converts it into searchable text. In Manchu studies, OCR can be used to as
Eight Banners & Institutionsthe Eight Banners at Shengjing belonged to the Qing system for educating banner populations, but their regional garrison setting differed from the schools administered th
Eight Banners & Institutions(Jianruiying guanxue) served younger members of banner families associated with the Jianrui Battalion in the Xiangshan area near Beijing. The battalion was known for spec
Archives & Historical SourcesThe Old Manchu Archives is an important Manchu archival resource for studying the history of the Later Jin and early Qing dynasties. Its content covers political, militar
Language & ScriptOld Manchu is a general term for the early writing forms of the Manchu script, usually associated with the writing tradition from its creation in 1599 to the reforms of 1
Clans & GenealogyEmorto was a member of the Jingqili clan of the Plain White Banner. Volume 36 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of t
Clans & GenealogyWeng Jiada was a member of the Ningguta clan of the Plain Blue Banner. Volume 41 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
Clans & GenealogyOngjine was a member of the Xilin Gioro clan, belonging to the Bordered White Banner. His family had lived in Nimacha for generations and submitted to the Qing dynasty at
Clans & GenealogyOrdo was a member of the Ningguta clan of the Plain Yellow Banner. Volume 41 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of
People & BiographiesOrdoma: Ordoma is a member of the Erhe clan in Volume 57 of the General Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, belonging to the Plain White Banner. His family ha
People & BiographiesThe origins of Manchu script involve the writing needs and development of the writing system in Manchu society before and after the formation of the Later Jin regime in t
Clans & GenealogyOrika was a member of the Fuca clan of the Plain Yellow Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. His ancestral home was in Gahari Bihan Ali Village, as stated in the original ge
Clans & GenealogyThe Oro clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 59 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They were ori
Clans & GenealogyOromu belonged to the Zhangjia clan of the Bordered Red Banner. Volume 40 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the E
People & BiographiesVolume 58 of the Qing Dynasty's Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners preserves clues about Eshi's banner affiliation and the official position
Clans & GenealogyPahai is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner, listed in Volume Twelve of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans compiled duri
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Palace Museum, located within the Forbidden City in Beijing, is a major museum focusing on Ming and Qing dynasty palace architecture, artifacts, and historical archiv
Clans & GenealogyThe Pan family is listed under the Nikan surnames within the Manchu banner system in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Th
Clans & GenealogyThe surname Pang appears in Volume 79 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on the surnames of the Tainikan within th
Clans & GenealogyIn the entry for the Tainikan surname within the Manchu banners of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, Volume 79, Pang Fang is liste
People & BiographiesPei Dengju was an ancestor of the Pei family, a Manchu clan during the Qing Dynasty. Volume 78 of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans, compiled durin
Clans & GenealogyPei Yuke is a figure recorded in the Pei clan entry of Volume 78 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Bordered
People & BiographiesPeng Xuan appears in Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Peng family. He belonged to the Bordered Y
Archives & Historical SourcesThe Qing expression zhuanzhe zoushi denoted authorization to submit an individual palace memorial directly to the emperor. It concerned a channel and privilege of communi
Clans & GenealogySongguotai was a member of the Esuli clan, belonging to the Bordered Yellow Banner. His family had lived in the Heilongjiang region for generations, and he submitted to t
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Plain Blue Banner was one of the Eight Banners in the Qing Dynasty system, belonging to the category of "Plain Banners" without borders. "Blue" refers to the color of
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Plain Red Banner was one of the Eight Banners of the Qing Dynasty, belonging to the plain banners without borders. The name of the Eight Banners primarily indicates o
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Plain White Banner (Plain White Banner) was the white plain banner among the Eight Banners, often listed as one of the Upper Three Banners in the Qing Dynasty. The di
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Plain Yellow Banner was one of the Eight Banners, distinguished by its yellow, unbordered flag. During the Qing Dynasty, it typically belonged to the Upper Three Bann
Clans & GenealogyThe Po family is listed in Volume 79 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the category of Tainikan surnames within the Manchu ba
Eight Banners & InstitutionsPopulation and household registration within the Eight Banners formed a distinct system for recording the people, families, and status qualifications attached to Qing ban
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe preliminary civil-service examinations known as tongshi were part of the process by which candidates could qualify for student status before attempting higher examina
Eight Banners & Institutionsprincipal list of successful candidates in an imperial examination, commonly distinguished from a supplementary list (fubang). The meaning depends on which examination wa
Eight Banners & InstitutionsPublic property associated with the Eight Banners comprised land, buildings, and other income-producing assets administered collectively or under banner offices. The prec
Clans & GenealogyThe Pujia clan appears in volume 61 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with Xingshan as its ancestral home. Benzhu of the Bordered Red B
People & BiographiesQi Chong'e: Qi Chong'e is a figure listed in Volume 53 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the Ye Mu clan. He belonged to the Plain
Clans & GenealogyQi Chongge was a member of the Usu clan of the Bordered White Banner. Volume 37 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of
Clans & GenealogyThe Qi family is listed in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on Nikan surnames within the Manchu Banner
Clans & GenealogyQi Kou is a surname of the Wuzhala clan, preserved by the Muku. It is recorded in the same script in Volume 30 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy, The Comprehensive G
Clans & GenealogyQi Pushne was a member of the Zakuta clan of the Plain Blue Banner. Volume 36 of the official Qing dynasty clan genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
Clans & GenealogyQi Shou was a member of the Wuzhaku clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 34 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manc
People & BiographiesQi Tianfu appears in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, listed as a member of the Plain Yellow Banner's bondservant banner
People & BiographiesQi Tushan was a member of the Yangjia clan. Volume 54 of the official Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners lists him as a figure under the Pla
Clans & GenealogyQi Wenkui is a bondservant of the Plain Blue Banner, recorded in the Qi family entry of Volume 77 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Bann
People & BiographiesQi Xitu appears in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Kangjieda clan. He belonged to the Plain White B
Clans & GenealogyQi Ziliang is a figure under the Qi clan entry in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The original text states that he belo
Clans & GenealogyThe Qian family is listed in Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners as a branch of the Nikan surnames within the Manchu banner
People & BiographiesQian Shidao was a bondservant (baoyi) of the Plain Blue Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Shenyang for generations, but the year of their submission
Clans & GenealogyQiang Xiao is a bondservant of the Bordered Yellow Banner under the entry for the "Qiang Qiali Clan" in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of th
Clans & GenealogyQiang Yuyi (originally written as "Qiang Yuyi") appears in Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Qian
Clans & GenealogyThe Qiangqiali clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation compiled during
People & BiographiesQiangtuli, whose biography appears in Volume 52 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the Merzhele clan, belonged to
Eight Banners & Institutionsimperial guard selected for service associated with the Gate of Heavenly Purity and the emperor's inner-court security. The designation did not encompass every palace gua
Clans & GenealogyThe Qiao family is listed under the Nikan surnames within the Manchu banner system in Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. T
Clans & GenealogyQiao Wan was a member of the Bayara clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Volume 38 of the official Qing dynasty clan genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu C
People & BiographiesQiba is a biographical entry for the Qijia clan preserved in the Complete Genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans. Volume 44 of the electronic text refers to him as "
Clans & Genealogyuncommon written character, is listed in volume 14 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner Manchu Clans. He belonged to the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Ye
Clans & GenealogyThe Qidal clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 59 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianlon
Places & HeritageQidaohe Manchu Ethnic Township was a historical ethnic-township unit in the northern mountains of former Huairou County, now Huairou District of Beijing, in the Tang Rive
Clans & GenealogyThe Qidel clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 60 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They origin
Places & HeritageQidingshan Manchu Ethnic Township was a former administrative designation in the Jinzhou area of Dalian, Liaoning Province, on the southern Liaodong Peninsula near Jinzho
People & BiographiesQiduli is a member of the Gejile clan recorded in Volume 45 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners.
People & BiographiesQierkede: Qierkede is a member of the Andara clan in Volume 56 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Plain Blue Bann
People & BiographiesQilartu, also known as Qilartu, appears in Volume 56 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the Kaiyan Clan. He belon
Clans & GenealogyThe Qin family has two branches recorded in Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, listed under the Nikan surnames within the
Clans & GenealogyQin Shide is recorded in Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Qin family. The original text lists hi
People & BiographiesQindahu was a member of the Ilari clan in the early Qing Dynasty, belonging to the Bordered Yellow Banner. His family had lived in Yehe for generations and submitted to t
People & BiographiesQingde, whose mother's original name was "Qingde," was the great-grandson of the Hushitun branch of the Hong'e clan. Volume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manch
Archives & Historical Sourcescomprise records produced by central and provincial authorities in the conduct of administration, judicial affairs, finance, military organization, diplomacy, and court a
Places & HeritageQing Dynasty palace plaques are calligraphic works of art and architectural components installed inside and outside Qing Dynasty palace buildings to identify building nam
Archives & Historical SourcesImperial edicts of the Qing Dynasty are one type of document used by the Qing emperors to issue orders, declare decisions, or convey important matters in formal written f
Qing Historygrand wedding in the Qing dynasty comprised formal procedures governing the emperor’s marriage to an empress. The event was not simply a private union. It involved the pu
Archives & Historical SourcesQing Dynasty military archives are a collective term for historical documents recording the mobilization, military plans, garrisoning, provisions, frontier warfare, and m
Archives & Historical SourcesPalace memorials were official documents submitted directly to the emperor by officials during the Qing Dynasty and processed within the palace system. They differed from
Archives & Historical SourcesQingbai leichao (Classified Anecdotes of the Qing), compiled by Xu Ke and prepared and published in the early Republican period, is a large compilation of accounts and re
People & BiographiesQingge was a great-grandson of the Hushitun family of the Hong'e clan. Volume 55 of the General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners records that he once se
Clans & GenealogyThe Qinggeli clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 59 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They w
Clans & GenealogyQingjiang was a member of the Wuya clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 29 of the official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genea
People & BiographiesQingjina was a member of the Yilali clan, belonging to the Plain Yellow Banner. His family had lived in Shenyang for generations and submitted to the Qing dynasty at its
People & BiographiesQingnai was a great-grandson of the Hushitun family of the Hong'e clan. Volume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners records that he
People & BiographiesQingshan is a member of the Niohele clan recorded in Volume 46 of the Qing Dynasty's official compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Ba
Clans & GenealogyQipaidaerhan was a member of the Nara clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in the Feide area for generations and submitted t
Art & Digital HumanitiesThe cheongsam is a representative form of women's clothing in modern Chinese fashion history. Its name is historically linked to the traditional clothing of the Manchu pe
Clans & GenealogyQishiba is a personal name of a member of the Lijia clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 33 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, Th
Clans & GenealogyThe Qitala clan appears in volume 51 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with families around the Songhua River. A'ersun of the Bordered
People & BiographiesQitang'a was an early Qing Guwalgiya member of the Plain Yellow Banner, whose family resided at Nimacha. He submitted during the early period of Qing expansion. Volume 2
Clans & GenealogyThe Qiu family is recorded in Volume 80 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on Manchu Banners and the Nikan surname
Culture & Everyday LifeThe custom known as qiqiao, or “praying for dexterity,” forms part of the traditional Chinese Qixi observances held around the seventh day of the seventh lunar month. Ass
Culture & Everyday Lifeassociated with the rank of duoluo beile in the dress regulations of the Qing imperial clan. Beile stood below a prince of the second rank and above a gushan beizi; it wa
Culture & Everyday Lifebelonged to the Qing system of differentiated clothing for members of the imperial clan. Fuguo gong, often rendered “Duke Who Assists the State” or auxiliary duke, was a
Culture & Everyday Lifenon-imperial duke, was an outer garment bearing rank insignia at the front and back for authorised court occasions. A rank badge (buzi) was the conspicuous figured panel
Culture & Everyday Lifeworn by Qing officials and certain nobles at specified occasions, distinguished by rank insignia displayed on the front and back. The buzi badge was the conspicuous embro
Culture & Everyday Lifetranslated “Duke Who Guards the State,” was a Qing imperial-clan noble ranked below a gushan beizi and above a fuguo gong. The title signified a position in the imperial
Culture & Everyday Lifethe Qing imperial clan holding a title within the military-sounding noble hierarchy below the ducal grades. The title did not itself establish command over troops. The co
Archives & Historical Sourcescollection of 120 traditional sayings and narratives written in Manchu by the Qing official Songyun. During the Jiaqing period, Fujun translated the collection into Chine
Archives & Historical Sourcesmilitary history written by the Qing scholar Wei Yuan. In its preface, Wei describes gathering evidence from official historiographical materials, private histories, and
Eight Banners & Institutionsbanner households, was a classification within the Qing Eight Banners household-registration system. It related to other distinctions such as zhengshen (persons of recogn
Eight Banners & Institutionsroute', was a bureaucratic classification of recognized credentials for access to certain official posts under the Qing. It was not an assessment of moral legitimacy. The
Eight Banners & Institutionsof banner people associated with recognized regular status within Qing banner registration. It is sometimes discussed in relation to independent household standing and di
Clans & GenealogyRen Jing is listed in Volume 80 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Ren family. He is recorded as a bannerman
Archives & Historical SourcesQing history research encompasses the study of the Later Jin, the Qing dynasty, and its politics, society, economy, culture, and foreign relations. The research objects a
Clans & GenealogySa Jintai is a member of the Wuzhala clan, belonging to the Plain Blue Banner, as recorded in Volume 30 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Ba
People & BiographiesSabitu is a member of the Xitala clan recorded in Volume 43 of the Qing Dynasty's official genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners
Clans & GenealogySabitu was a member of the Huifa Nara clan of the Bordered Blue Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. He was the grandson of Wang Jinu and lived in Huifa. His family submitte
Culture & Everyday Lifeouter jacket in which prized sable fur was used as a major component, lining, or trimming. The designation concerns the garment's material and its short-jacket form, not
Clans & GenealogyThe Sacha clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 57 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans, with ancestral homes in Warka
Clans & GenealogySachiku was a member of the Sakda clan of the Bordered Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 35 of the officially compiled General Genealogy of the Manchu Cla
Culture & Everyday Life(jitian) refers broadly to rites addressing Heaven or heavenly powers through offerings, petitions, thanksgiving, and ceremonial acknowledgement. Its religious and politi
Culture & Everyday Liferites conducted by the Qing Manchu imperial house at a designated ritual site. They incorporated elements of earlier Manchu clan worship while becoming part of the formal
Clans & GenealogySahai was a member of the Yehe Nara clan of the Bordered White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in the Yehe region for generations and submitted
People & BiographiesSahalian, simplified as Sahalian, was a member of the Toholo clan, belonging to the Bordered Yellow Banner. His family had lived in the Heilongjiang region for generation
Clans & GenealogyIrgen Gioro clan of the Plain Yellow Banner, associated with the locality of Laibu village. His family joined the Manchu polity during the Tiancong reign. Volume 15 of th
Clans & GenealogySaida was a member of the Ujara clan of the Plain White Banner. Volume 30 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the E
People & BiographiesSaikana, listed in Volume 53 of the General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the Busai clan, belonged to the Bordered White Banner.
Clans & GenealogyThe Saimile clan, written with an older character form in the original text, appears in volume 36 of the Qianlong Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight
Clans & GenealogyThe Saiyinsartu clan is entered in volume 56 of the Qianlong Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with Jarud given as its ancestral area. Its
People & BiographiesSaizhu is a figure from the Eight Banners listed under the Xiao clan title in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belong
Clans & GenealogyThe Sakcha clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 54 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, scattered throughout Suif
Clans & GenealogySakshiha was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in the Hunehe area for generations and submitt
People & BiographiesSakxi is a figure listed in Volume 54 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy book, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the Zhangji
Clans & GenealogySamara was a member of the Tatara clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 11 of the official clan genealogy compiled during the Qianlong reign
Clans & GenealogySamushka was a member of the Tongjia clan, Plain White Banner, and the third younger brother of Huerhan, a bodyguard of Darhan. Volume 19 of the official Qing dynasty gen
Clans & GenealogySan Tan was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan, a bondservant of the Bordered Blue Banner, during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Muxi for generations and s
Clans & GenealogySan Tan was a member of the Huifa Nara clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Huifa for generations. At the beginning of the
Clans & GenealogySanbao is a bondservant of the Plain Yellow Banner under the "Meileng Clan" entry in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, wh
People & BiographiesSanbao (died 1784), of the Irgen Gioro clan and the Plain Red Banner, was an eighteenth-century Qing official who advanced through the translation examination system and
Clans & GenealogySang Wuli was a member of the Hesheli clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Manchus during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Huifa for generations, and
People & BiographiesSange (died 1758), of the Donggo clan and the Plain White Banner, was a Qing banner commander involved in campaigns against the Dzungars and in the Muslim regions of the
Clans & GenealogySangguni was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in the Yarhu area for generations and submitte
People & BiographiesSanhe (died 1773), of the Nara clan and the Bordered White Banner, was a Qing official who served in the Imperial Household Department, the Boards of Revenue and Works, a
Clans & GenealogySanqiha is a member of the Tatara clan of the Bordered Blue Banner, listed in Volume 11 of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans compiled during the Qi
People & BiographiesSantai was a Manchu official who held senior central-government appointments during the Yongzheng and early Qianlong reigns, including posts connected with the Boards of
People & BiographiesSantan, written with a variant Chinese character in the original heading, was an early Qing member of the Guwalgiya clan of the Plain White Banner. His family lived in Su
Clans & GenealogySa Qing'e was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in the Yehe region for generations and submi
Clans & GenealogyThe Sardu clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 59 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They resi
Clans & GenealogySargada was a member of the Namudulu clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in the Namudulu region for generations. Volume 21
People & BiographiesSartai, listed in Volume 51 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the Wendu clan, belonged to the Plain Blue Banner.
Eight Banners & Institutionsarrangements directed at young members of the Eight Banners who held, or were expected to succeed to, hereditary appointments and ranks. They were intended to ensure inst
Clans & GenealogySebochaha was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in the Saerhu area for generations and submitt
Clans & GenealogySeleb appears in the appendix to Volume 15 of the General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Irgen Gioro clan. The genealogy list
Clans & GenealogySele was a member of the Zhaojia clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty compilation, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Man
Clans & GenealogyThe Semuqili clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qian
Clans & GenealogyThe Semuqili clan appears in volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The original Chinese master preserves a variant character that
Clans & GenealogyAccording to the appendix to the Irgen Gioro clan in Volume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, Sente's branch was registered as t
Clans & GenealogySenduleng was a member of the Bayara clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Volume 38 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
Clans & GenealogySengsai was a member of the Zakuta clan of the Plain White Banner. Volume 36 of the official Qing dynasty clan genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
People & BiographiesSengse Li was a member of the Hong'e clan during the Qing Dynasty, listed in Volume 55 of the General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry f
Clans & GenealogySengzhutali was a member of the Wusu clan of the Plain Blue Banner. Volume 37 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of t
Clans & GenealogySeniu was a member of the Ujara clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 30 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy
Eight Banners & Institutionsthe administration of Qing Eight Banners household registers for persons or units recorded separately from populations subordinated within another household. Its precise
Clans & GenealogySereng Ehasihu is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner, recorded in Volume 14 of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans compil
Clans & GenealogySergini: Sergini is a member of the Ledi clan, recorded in Volume 56 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Borde
Clans & GenealogySerjile was a member of the Huihe clan of the Plain Red Banner. Volume 39 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the E
Clans & GenealogySerqiu was a member of the Kuyala clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Man
Eight Banners & Institutionslanguage, xingzou signified service by imperial order in a designated institution or under a particular assignment. It did not refer to ordinary walking and, by itself, w
People & BiographiesSha Jing'a was a member of the Balda clan, belonging to the Bordered Red Banner. His family had lived in Balda for generations and submitted to the Qing dynasty at its be
Clans & GenealogyShaji was a member of the Fuca clan of the Plain Blue Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. While Shaji is a personal name in this entry, his ancestral home was Shajinheluo.
People & BiographiesShang Aha appears in Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the "Qiao Clan." He belonged to the Bordered Ye
Clans & GenealogyThe Shang family is centrally recorded in Volume 74 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Shang Dade belonged to the Plain White Banner
Clans & GenealogyShang Jiertu was a member of the Saimile clan of the Plain Red Banner. Volume 36 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans o
Clans & GenealogyShang Yanheluo was a member of the Dong'e clan of the Manchu Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. He was of the same clan as Heheli and lived in Dong'e for gen
Clans & GenealogyShao Zhan was a member of the Yehe Nara clan of the Bordered Blue Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. He was of the same clan as Jin Taishi, and his ancestral home was in Y
Clans & GenealogyThe Shen family is listed in Volume 79 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the section "Appendix: Surnames of the Tainikan withi
Clans & GenealogyShen Duo is a figure under the Shen clan entry in Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, recorded as a bondservant of the Plai
Clans & GenealogyShen Teng was a member of the Wanyan clan of the Bordered Red Banner. Volume 28 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of
Clans & GenealogyShenbu was a member of the Lijia clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 33 of the official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealo
Clans & GenealogyShengde was a member of the Zhaojia clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 31 of the official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Ge
Places & HeritageShengjing was an important historical name for present-day Shenyang, Liaoning Province, during the Qing Dynasty. The Later Jin and early Qing regimes used it as their pol
Places & HeritageShenyang Imperial Palace, located in present-day Shenyang, Liaoning Province, is an important palace complex built before the Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains. Its
Clans & GenealogyThe Sheyan clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 59 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They origi
People & Biographiesearly-Qing Shi family and was a brother of Shi Tingzhu and Shi Tianzhu. The Draft History of Qing describes the family's earlier Suwan Gūwalgiya affiliation and the adopt
People & BiographiesShi Tingzhu was a general in the early Qing Dynasty. The Draft History of the Qing Dynasty records that his family ancestors descended from the Suwan Guwalgiya clan, and
People & BiographiesShi Youcheng was a prominent figure in the Plain White Banner of the Qing Dynasty, whose family had lived in Shenyang for generations. The year of their submission to the
Clans & GenealogyXifu Bakshi was a civil official of the Hesheli clan of the Plain Yellow Banner of the Manchus in the early Qing Dynasty, and the younger brother of Shuose. Volume Nine o
Clans & GenealogyThe Shimulu clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 58 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They were
People & BiographiesShoumin is a figure from the Eight Banners under the Kang clan title in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to
People & BiographiesShu Bi was a great-grandson of the Hushitun family of the Hong'e clan. Volume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners records his curre
Clans & GenealogyShu Ning'a was a member of the Bayara clan of the Plain Yellow Banner. Volume 38 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans o
Clans & GenealogyShu Chang is a figure recorded in Volume 79 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the sectio
Clans & GenealogyShuerhan was a member of the Ujara clan of the Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 30 of the officially compiled General Genealogy of the Manchu Cla
Clans & GenealogyThe Shufacha clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 59 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianlo
Clans & GenealogyShuge was a member of the Wanyan clan of the Bordered Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the
Clans & GenealogyShuhulu was a member of the Hesheli clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Manchus in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Hada for generations and submitte
Clans & GenealogyThe Shukeduli clan is recorded in volume 62 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with Heilongjiang as its ancestral region. Akeshan of the
Clans & GenealogyThe Shulu clan is recorded in volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with the broad Changbai region given as its ancestral home. Z
Clans & GenealogyThe Shumari clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They w
Clans & GenealogyThe Shumoli clan appears in volume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with households from the Zhan River and Ula. Zhuoman of the Bor
Clans & GenealogyThe Shumuli clan is listed in volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Its two recorded ancestral settlements were Hailanmu and Sa'e
Clans & GenealogyShuoji was a member of the Hesheli clan of the Bordered Red Banner of the Manchus during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Huifa for generations, and the ex
Clans & GenealogyShuoli was a member of the Daijia clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 29 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu
People & BiographiesShuoma was a Guwalgiya man of the Bordered Red Banner whose ancestral place was Hada. Volume 3 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners doe
Clans & GenealogyShuose Bakshi was a member of the Hesheli clan of the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Duying'e for generations, and he w
Clans & GenealogyShuowengke was a member of the Wuzhaku clan of the Bordered Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of
Clans & GenealogyShusong'a was a member of the Wuzhala clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 30 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Gen
Clans & GenealogyShu Wandai is a member of the Tatara clan of the Plain White Banner, listed in Volume 11 of the official genealogy of the Manchu Eight Banners, The General Genealogy of t
Clans & GenealogyXibali was a member of the Koude clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 29 of the officially compiled the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Man
Clans & GenealogyAccording to the appendix to the Irgen Gioro clan in Volume 15 of the General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, Xibertu's branch is registered as the Pl
Clans & GenealogyXihabakeshi was a member of the Majia clan of the Plain White Banner of the Manchus during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Suifen for generations, and he
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe six criteria were six criteria used in the Qing Dynasty to identify incompetent officials during performance evaluations. Volume 111 of the Draft History of the Qing
Clans & GenealogySuohe Tomergen was a member of the Niohuru clan of the Bordered Red Banner of the Manchus. He was the second son of Dersu Fangyin and later moved to Warka, submitting to
Clans & GenealogySong Eto was a member of the Zhaojia clan, a bondservant of the Bordered White Banner. The official Qing dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Cl
People & BiographiesSong Zhu is a figure recorded in Volume 79 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section "Appendix: Surnames of the Tainikan
People & Biographiesclan of the Plain Yellow Manchu Banner and was a son of Soni, one of the regents who had served the young Kangxi emperor. He advanced from imperial guard service to vice
People & BiographiesSongguotuo was a member of the Manchu Suochuoluo clan, belonging to the Bordered Red Banner. His family had lived in Huifa for generations and submitted to the Qing dynas
Clans & GenealogyThe Songjia clan is described in volume 42 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners as having branches in Dong'e, Songjiangbao, and other local
Clans & GenealogySongjina was a bondservant of the Aha Gioro clan, belonging to the Bordered Yellow Banner, and his family had lived in Changbai Mountain for generations. The official Qin
Clans & GenealogySongqin was a member of the Zhangjia clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Volume 40 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
Clans & GenealogySongta is a member of the Plain Yellow Banner bondservant under the Wang clan, recorded in Volume 75 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banne
Clans & GenealogySongxi was a member of the Sakda clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 35 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Gen
People & Biographiesthe Hešeri clan and the Plain Yellow Manchu Banner. His father Šose and uncle Hife were versed in Manchu, Mongolian, and Chinese and served in the court's literary establ
People & BiographiesSoroxi was a member of the Manchu Xingjia clan, belonging to the Plain White Banner, and hailing from the Macha region. He once served as a military officer. The official
Clans & GenealogyAccording to the appendix to the Irgen Gioro clan in Volume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, Souse's branch was registered as t
Culture & Everyday Lifegrain cake found in northern China and other regions. It also appears in published accounts of Manchu household foodways in Kuancheng Manchu Autonomous County, Hebei. A c
Clans & GenealogyThe Su surname appears in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on Nikan surnames within the Manchu Banners
People & BiographiesSu Mina is a member of the Ezhuo clan recorded in Volume 46 of the Qing Dynasty's official genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners
Clans & GenealogySu Mindu was a member of the Tongjia clan, belonging to the Bordered Red Banner. His family had lived in Jiaha for generations and were of the same clan as Hun Tuohe. The
Clans & GenealogySu Ning'a was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Dongzhai, Songhua River area for generations
People & BiographiesSu Youde appears in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the "Su Clan." He belonged to the Bordered Yello
Clans & GenealogySu Zha was a member of the Zhangjia clan of the Bordered Blue Banner. The character "Su" retains its original spelling. Volume 40 of the official Qing dynasty clan geneal
People & BiographiesSu'ergo was a leader of the Suwan community and a Guwalgiya ancestor best known as the father of Fiyanggū. Volume 1 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of
Clans & GenealogySu Bahai was a member of the Zhangjia clan, a bondservant of the Bordered Blue Banner. The character "Su" retains its original spelling. Volume 40 of the Qing Dynasty off
People & BiographiesSubai was the second son of Wulikan, a Guwalgiya ancestor of the Plain White Banner. Volume 4 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners reco
Clans & GenealogyThe Suduli clan appears in volume 51 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with branches in Heilongjiang and elsewhere. The Plain White Ban
Clans & GenealogySuerdu was a member of the Tatara clan of the Bordered White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in the Zakumu area for generations and submitted t
Clans & GenealogySuertong'a was a member of the Sakda clan of the Bordered Blue Banner. Volume 35 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans o
People & BiographiesSufa was a member of the Songjia clan of the Plain Blue Banner, the third son of Sun Zhali. According to Volume 42 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, The Comprehen
Clans & GenealogySuhechen was a member of the Sakda clan of the Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 35 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Gene
Clans & GenealogySui Zhan was a member of the Lijia clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 33 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genea
Clans & GenealogySuiban was a member of the Hesheli clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Manchus during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Harmin for generations and sub
Clans & GenealogyAccording to the appendix to the Irgen Gioro clan in Volume 15 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, the branch to which the Suiban
Clans & GenealogyThe Sujia clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 48 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The
Clans & GenealogyThe Sujia clan appears in volume 48 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with branches in Yehe and elsewhere. Niyaxing'a of the Plain Red
Clans & GenealogyThe Sukcha clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 61 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They origi
Clans & GenealogySukechen was a member of the Wuzhala clan of the Bordered Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 30 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive G
Clans & GenealogyGioro clansman from a booi household associated with Harmin. Volume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner Manchu Clans identifies the household under the
Clans & GenealogySukturi was a member of the Wuzhaku clan of the Bordered Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of
Clans & GenealogySukunu was a member of the Saharcha clan of the Plain Red Banner. Volume 41 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of t
Clans & GenealogyThe Sulala clan is recorded in volume 59 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with Heilongjiang as its ancestral region. Takai of the Bord
Clans & GenealogySun Chaochen appears in Volume 79 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Sun clan, and is recorded as a member o
People & BiographiesGuangning governor Wang Huazhen as a central-camp youji, a military officer. During the Later Jin offensive in western Liaodong in 1622, he secretly communicated with Nur
People & BiographiesSun Zhali was a member of the Songjia clan of the Plain Blue Banner. Volume 42 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans o
Clans & GenealogySuna Efu was a member of the Yehe Nara clan of the Plain White Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. He was of the same clan as Jin Taishi and submitted to the Qing at the be
Clans & GenealogyThe Sunjia clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianlong r
Clans & GenealogySunta is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan recorded in Volume 15 of the General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The verifiable information provided in
People & BiographiesSolheno (simplified as Solheno), a member of the Kochili clan, belonged to the Bordered Red Banner and was originally from Warka. He submitted to the Manchus during the T
Clans & GenealogyThe Suocheli clan appears in Volume 62 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, a Manchu surname whose ancestral home was Ula. The genealo
Clans & GenealogyThe Suoduo clan is recorded in volume 50 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with Ula's Boerji settlement as its ancestral home. Botuobo
Clans & GenealogyThe Suojia clan appears in volume 44 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with members from Erkun and other localities. Duiqing'ahetuo of
Clans & GenealogyThe Suoqile clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 52 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with its primary ancestr
People & BiographiesSuozhu was a member of the Hong'e clan, the second son of the Zhaiqi family of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Volume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of
People & BiographiesSurduhu, mentioned in Volume 52 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Merzhele clan, belonged to the Bordered Y
People & BiographiesSurji was a member of the Songjia clan of the Plain Blue Banner, grandson of Sun Zhali, and eldest son of Surmai. Volume 42 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, the
Clans & GenealogySushan was a member of the Wanyan clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 28 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manch
Clans & GenealogySuwayan is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Blue Banner, listed in Volume 13 of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans compiled during t
Clans & GenealogySuwayatu was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Suoerhe and Bihan for generations, and he sub
Clans & GenealogyXierden was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Wahumu for generations and submitted to the Qi
Clans & GenealogyTabudai was a member of the Zhe'erde clan, belonging to the Plain Yellow Banner. His family had lived in Jiefan for generations and submitted to the Qing dynasty at the b
People & BiographiesTai Shuoku is a member of the Eji clan recorded in Volume 46 of the Qing Dynasty's official genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banner
Clans & GenealogyThe Taichulu clan is discussed in volume 43 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with families from Hunchun and Yinchu. Zhuohenuo of the P
Eight Banners & Institutionswithin Mongol aristocratic institutions under the Qing, divided into recognized grades and sometimes held alongside duties as a jasagh or assistant in banner administrati
Clans & GenealogyTakai is a figure recorded in Volume 59 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Existing materials are insufficient to automatically
Clans & GenealogyTalang'a was a member of the Zhaojia clan, a bondservant of the Plain White Banner, during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 31 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The C
Clans & GenealogyTali was a member of the Fuca clan of Feiyou City under the Bordered Yellow Banner. His family had lived in Feiyou City for generations, but the year he submitted to the
Clans & GenealogyThe Tamuca clan is recorded in volume 56 of the Qianlong-era Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners with Heilongjiang as its ancestral region. Bahan
People & BiographiesTan Jingcang was a bannerman (QiGuRen) of the Bordered Yellow Banner (BianHuangQi) during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Shenyang for generations, but the year
People & BiographiesTan Yu was a bondservant (BaoYiQiGu) of the Plain Yellow Banner during the Qing Dynasty, and his family had lived in Shenyang for generations. Volume 78 of the official g
Clans & GenealogyTanaka was a member of the Siktli clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 34 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genea
People & BiographiesTang Ali was a member of the Saharcha clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Volume 41 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Cl
Clans & GenealogyTang Gushan is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain White Banner, recorded in Volume Thirteen of the official clan genealogy General Genealogy of the Eight Banne
Clans & GenealogyTang Shili was a member of the Zhaojia clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 31 of the official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehen
People & BiographiesTang Tai is mentioned in Volume 52 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Dulala clan. He belonged to the Plain
Clans & GenealogyThe Tangda clan is recorded in volume 56 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners with an ancestral home at Kepuqin. Tongtang of the Bordered W
People & Biographiesdescribed in the Draft History of Qing by his later imperial-clan rank and posthumous designation. He served as a gūsa ejen, or banner commander, during Hong Taiji's reig
Clans & GenealogyThe Tangni clan appears in volume 61 of the Qianlong-sponsored Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with Shifangsi given as its ancestral settlem
Clans & GenealogyThe Tangwu clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 52 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, generally stating that
People & BiographiesTantai, of the Šumuru lineage and the Plain Yellow Banner, was a younger agnatic relative of Yanggūri. He rose from niru ejen, commander of a banner company, to commands
Clans & GenealogyTao Na was a member of the Wuzhala clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 30 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Geneal
Clans & GenealogyTao Tuoli was a figure from the Tatan clan during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 61 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners states tha
Clans & GenealogyTaola was a member of the Sakda clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 35 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manc
Clans & GenealogyTalanzhu was a member of the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner Majia clan in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Mudan for generations and submitted to the Qing Dyna
Clans & GenealogyTashba is a member of the Sogia clan recorded in Volume 44 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Plain Yellow Ba
Clans & GenealogyThe Tatan clan is recorded in volume 61 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with the Changbai region listed as its ancestral home. Taotuo
Clans & GenealogyThe Tatara clan, described as a prominent Manchu surname in volume 11 of the Qianlong-commissioned Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, had branc
Clans & GenealogyTaxinta was a member of the Saimile clan of the Bordered White Banner. Volume 36 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans o
People & BiographiesTekuyin was a Guwalgiya member of the Plain Yellow Banner whose family came from the Heilongjiang region. He submitted during the Tiancong reign of Hong Taiji. Volume 4 o
People & BiographiesTemushen was a member of the Kochili clan, belonging to the Bordered Red Banner. His ancestral home was in Derji Aliku Village, and he submitted to the Qing dynasty at it
People & BiographiesTengguo is a figure recorded in Volume 43 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the Xitala clan. He belonged to the Plain Blue Ba
People & BiographiesTengzhu was a member of the Sacha clan of the Bordered Blue Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Hunchun for generations, and he served as an Infantry
Clans & GenealogyTeyinzhu was a member of the Wanyan clan of the Bordered Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 28 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Ge
Eight Banners & Institutionshighest level of the imperial civil examination system. In the usual Qing sequence, candidates already qualified as school students could sit the provincial examination (
Culture & Everyday Life“back-to-the-lamp” sacrifice, was a ritual within certain Manchu Shamanic traditions conducted at night in a darkened setting. The name should not be misconstrued as a ri
Culture & Everyday Lifegarment distinguished by an unusually elaborate arrangement of fastening buttons. Baturu is associated with bravery and warriors, but the garment's name is not proof that
Places & HeritageThe Buhutu River Guard (Buhutuhe wei) was one of the guard designations established by the Ming court among Jurchen communities of northeastern Asia during the Yongle rei
Eight Banners & Institutionsofficial serving in the coin-casting factories of the Qing capital's Baoquan Bureau, administered under the Ministry of Revenue. Despite the characters translated elsewhe
Eight Banners & InstitutionsEight Banners military establishment stationed at Chengdu in Sichuan during the Qing. Its service personnel and their families formed a local network of military quarters
Archives & Historical SourcesThe Da Qing huidian, also called the Qing huidian or Collected Statutes of the Qing Dynasty, is a sequence of imperially commissioned compilations describing the state's
Culture & Everyday Lifegarment worn over a robe within the Qing system of festive attire. It differed in length and use from the robe beneath it. For the empress and women of specified palace r
Culture & Everyday Lifedesignation for garments bearing prestigious dragon imagery in Qing court culture, but careful identification requires attention to the wearer's status, the occasion and
Eight Banners & Institutionscentral military, administrative, and social framework of the Later Jin and Qing polities. Their formation was associated with Nurhaci’s consolidation of Jurchen groups,
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Eight Banners garrison system involved the long-term stationing of banner troops and their families in strategically significant towns, passes, and territories outsid
Archives & Historical SourcesThe Baqi tongzhi, or Eight Banners Gazetteer, is an imperially commissioned compilation of information on banner institutions, administration, and notable individuals. Th
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Eight Banners system was a military, political, and social institution developed in the early Qing period and maintained throughout the dynasty. At its foundation sto
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Qing “well-field” scheme for the Eight Banners was a land-settlement experiment initiated during the Yongzheng reign to provide livelihoods for some economically inse
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe expression “eight categories of banner-rent land” (baxiang qizu di) designates a group of Qing banner public lands, notably in the capital region and neighboring dist
Culture & Everyday Life(literally “eight-sided drum”) denotes both an octagonal hand-held drum and a group of performance practices associated with it in Beijing. The distinction is essential:
Culture & Everyday Lifewas headwear intended for travel in wet conditions and worn with the rain-dress ensemble. It should be distinguished from the traveling hat, formal court crown, and ordin
Culture & Everyday Lifebelt (xingdai) accompanied Qing imperial traveling dress and secured clothing at the waist. It also provided attachment points for objects useful on journeys, including p
Culture & Everyday Life(xingfu) comprised garments used on imperial tours, in the hunt, during riding, and on related outdoor occasions. It emphasized mobility and practical adjustment to the w
Culture & Everyday Life(xingguan) was worn with the Qing imperial traveling ensemble on tours, hunting expeditions, and related outdoor activities. It differed from the court crown prescribed f
Culture & Everyday Lifeby a Qing empress were regulated ornaments used for designated formal occasions. They were distinct from ordinary decorative necklaces, and the number of strands differed
Culture & Everyday Life(chaoguan) was formal headwear worn with the prescribed court-dress ensemble on major Qing state and ritual occasions. It was not an everyday cap. Its construction and or
Culture & Everyday Life(chaopao) formed a central part of Qing full ceremonial dress for important sacrifices, court assemblies, and major state celebrations. It belonged to a category of regul
Culture & Everyday Lifeskirt (chaoqun) was the inner skirt component of full Qing ceremonial dress, worn for important state sacrifices and grand celebrations. It should not be confused with an
Culture & Everyday Lifeovercoat (longgua) formed part of the Qing auspicious-dress ensemble. It was distinct from the dragon robe worn beneath it, and also from the court overcoat (chaogua) bel
Culture & Everyday Liferobe (longpao) belonged to the Qing imperial system of auspicious dress (jifu). It should be distinguished from the court robe (chaopao) worn as part of full ceremonial a
Culture & Everyday Lifeempress's regulated ceremonial adornment, not merely ordinary ornaments worn by women at court. In juan 6, the Illustrated Regulations for the Ceremonial Paraphernalia of
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Qing Firearms Battalion (Huoqiying) was a specialized establishment within the capital Eight Banners military system for the training and operation of firearms and ar
Clans & GenealogyThe Guangjiala surname appears in fascicle 58 of the Genealogies of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners (Baqi Manzhou shizu tongpu). The compilation associates bearers
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Guangning City Garrison was a Qing military establishment centered on Guangning in the Fengtian region, broadly corresponding to the vicinity of modern Beizhen in Lia
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Guangzhou Prefectural Garrison was the system of Eight Banners military deployment and Banner administration established by the Qing in Guangzhou, the seat of Guangzh
Eight Banners & Institutionsa Qing military-designated office responsible for imperial carriages, processions, and ceremonial equipment within the Luanyiwei, the Imperial Processional Guard. Its nam
Qing History“Government by Eight Princes,” or bawang gongzhi, is a retrospective expression often used to characterize collective deliberation among senior beile and banner aristocra
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Jiuguantai Border-Gate Garrison was a Qing military posting near a gate of the Willow Palisade in the Fengtian region of northeastern China. The related place-name al
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Kaifeng garrison was the Qing Eight Banners military establishment stationed in Kaifeng, the provincial capital of Henan. It consisted of soldiers, administrative off
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Left Wing was one of the two major groupings of the Eight Banners in the Qing capital. It comprised the Bordered Yellow, Plain White, Bordered White, and Plain Blue b
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe livelihoods of banner households constituted a persistent problem of Qing social and fiscal policy. The expression baqi shengji embraces questions of income, housing,
Clans & GenealogyThe Ma'ertun clan is recorded as a Manchu surname in fascicle 61 of the Genealogies of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with the Changbai Mountains identified as it
Clans & GenealogyThe Macha clan appears in fascicle 58 of the official Genealogies of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The record identifies two ancestral localities, Saiyin and Sol
Culture & Everyday Lifegarment commonly associated with Qing-period dress, often worn over a longer robe. Its shorter body length distinguishes it broadly from robes and long gowns, but magua j
Clans & GenealogyMajia was one of the historical Manchu clan names recorded in Qing documentation. The opening of fascicle 7 of the Genealogies of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners ex
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe expression “Manchu Eight Banners” (Baqi Manzhou) refers to the Manchu-designated components of the Qing banner institutions, which existed alongside the Mongol Eight
Places & HeritageThe expression “Manchu City” (Mancheng) in Guangzhou designates the area of the Qing-period city in which Eight Banners garrison personnel and their families were concent
Eight Banners & Institutions“pace bow,” was an implement employed for measuring land. Despite the character for “bow” in its name, the object discussed here was not an archery weapon or a military u
Archives & Historical SourcesThe Da Jin Lama Fashi Baoji (“Memorial Record for a Lama Preceptor of the Great Jin”) is a commemorative stone inscription erected at Liaoyang in Tiancong year four (1630
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe metropolitan examination, or huishi, was a central stage of Qing civil-service selection that followed the provincial examination and preceded further procedures asso
Clans & GenealogyThe Mongolian people are one of the ethnic groups in China and Mongolia with a long history and cultural tradition. Their culture contains differences in language, region
Qing HistoryThe Mulan imperial hunts, often called Mulan xingwei, were organized hunting expeditions undertaken by Qing emperors at the Mulan hunting grounds north of the Great Wall.
Places & HeritageThe Octagonal Hall is a popular name for the Dazheng Hall within the Shenyang Imperial Palace, a major political building of the Later Jin court. It was neither a separat
Culture & Everyday Lifejacket (dajin magua) is a short outer garment whose front closes with one side overlapping the other. The term dajin describes the construction of the garment opening. It
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe palace examination (dianshi) was the final stage of the ordinary Qing literary examination sequence. Qualified banner candidates who had achieved the relevant metropo
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe preliminary translation examination (fanyi tongshi) was an entry-level stage in the Qing translation examination system, principally for eligible candidates of banner
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe provincial civil-service examination, or xiangshi, was a major stage in the Qing examination system through which qualified candidates could obtain the juren degree.
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Qianjiadian Garrison was a Qing military posting in the northern mountain approaches to the capital region. Records in the Imperially Commissioned Eight Banners Gazet
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Anhui Bureau was one of seventeen province-named administrative sections of the Qing Board of Punishments. It examined criminal files from Anhui at the central level
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Fengtian Bureau was one of the Qing Board of Punishments' seventeen administrative sections, examining criminal files concerning Fengtian in the northeast. Although F
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Jiangsu Bureau was a division of the central Qing Board of Punishments for reviewing and processing criminal case files associated with Jiangsu. It was part of the ca
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Jiangxi Bureau belonged to the Qing Board of Punishments' provincial case-review system, consisting of seventeen such sections in the account used here. It examined J
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Sichuan Bureau was one of the sections of the Qing Board of Punishments responsible for examining criminal cases and related documentation assigned by province. While
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Fujian Bureau was one of the fourteen administrative sections of the Qing Board of Revenue. Its provincial name indicated an initial sphere of fiscal responsibility,
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Guangdong Bureau was one of fourteen provincial-named administrative sections of the Qing Board of Revenue. Its principal assignment involved reviewing Guangdong civi
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Shaanxi Bureau was a Beijing-based section of the Qing Board of Revenue responsible for fiscal documentation and accounts associated with Shaanxi and other specified
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Shandong Bureau was one of the provincial-designated administrative sections of the Qing Board of Revenue. It examined revenue, taxes, grain assessments, and accounti
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Yunnan Bureau was an administrative section of the central Qing Board of Revenue. Although named for Yunnan, it also reviewed fiscal cases involving the transportatio
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Bureau of Reception and Tribute (Zhuke Qingli Si) was one of four Qing Board of Rites administrative sections. It managed guest ritual involving the reception of fore
People & BiographiesThe Qing army's entry into the Central Plains generally refers to the historical process in 1644 when the Qing army entered Shanhaiguan and occupied Beijing, marking the
Qing Historyestablished by a Manchu ruling house and governed an extensive and changing imperial territory. Its history is conventionally narrated through several distinct transition
Culture & Everyday Life(dahun) was a state ceremony conducted when a reigning emperor married and installed his empress. It united a dynastic marriage with the formal establishment of the empre
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Grand Secretariat (Neige) was a crucial institution in the Qing Dynasty's central administrative system. Inheriting and adjusting related systems from the Ming Dynast
Eight Banners & InstitutionsEight Banners guard formation whose origins were associated with the early Manchu Bayara guards. It was charged with guarding palace entrances, escorting the sovereign, p
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Bureau of Construction and Repairs (Yingshan Qingli Si) was one of four administrative bureaus within the Qing Ministry of Works, alongside those concerned with resou
Culture & Everyday Lifedaizi) was used in Qing imperial-family practice as a colloquial designation and visible marker for members of the Gioro (jueluo) branch who were distinguished from the m
Culture & Everyday Liferaising ceremony (shangliang yishi) is a traditional observance associated with the installation of a principal roof beam during house construction. Beyond the practical
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Right Wing was the counterpart of the Left Wing in the traditional organization of the Eight Banners in Beijing. It included the Plain Yellow, Plain Red, Bordered Red
Culture & Everyday Life“seven-star sable,” was a Qing term for a sable-fur ornament associated with an official's traveling headwear. It did not designate seven species of sable, a constellatio
Culture & Everyday Lifethe organised ensemble dances performed at Qing court banquets, especially for gatherings involving the imperial clan and commemorations of dynastic ancestry. It was not
Culture & Everyday Lifegarment or vest, found in multiple forms of Qing-period women's and men's clothing. Such garments could be worn with robes or outer jackets, either inside or outside othe
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe spatial disposition of the Eight Banners refers to the arrangement of banner garrisons within Qing Beijing according to banner colors and the division into left and r
Culture & Everyday Lifeshortened-front robe, commonly called quejin pao, was a type of Qing traveling robe distinguished by its lower right-front construction. A section of the front could be s
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Taiyuan garrison was a Qing Eight Banners military establishment located in Taiyuan, the capital of Shanxi Province. The Draft History of Qing dates the office of gar
Culture & Everyday Lifewedding” refers to a customary sequence in which marriage celebrations were distributed across three days in certain Manchu communities of northeastern China. It does not
Language & Scriptconventionally called the Manchu shier zitou, organized syllables for traditional instruction in reading and writing the Manchu script. They arranged vowel combinations,
Clans & GenealogyThe Ujara clan, rendered in Chinese as Wuzhala, appears in volume thirty of the Genealogies of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners (Baqi Manzhou shizu tongpu). The sour
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Upper Three Banners (shang san qi) were the Bordered Yellow, Plain Yellow, and Plain White banners in the established Qing institutional arrangement. They were contra
Eight Banners & Institutions(Qianfengying) was an elite formation within the Qing Eight Banners guard system. Recruited principally from Manchu and Mongol banner soldiers, it was responsible for spe
Clans & GenealogyThe Wenzha clan is a historical Manchu surname recorded in the official Genealogies of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Fascicle 65 places it among the infrequently
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Xiaoheishan Garrison was a Qing military post in the Guangning region of Fengtian, associated with the four-route garrison arrangement that also included Juliuhe, Bai
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe Xiaoling River Garrison was one of the Qing Eight Banners military postings subordinate to the Jinzhou area of Fengtian, in western Liaoning near modern Jinzhou and L
Culture & Everyday Lifedaizi) was a colloquial designation for members of the Qing imperial clan (zongshi), derived from their entitlement to a specified color of belt. It is commonly contraste
Qing Historyalso described as the Yidian Jurchen division (Yidian Nüzhi bu), appear in the History of Liao (Liaoshi), “Treatise on Camps and Guards,” juan 33. The historical graph nü
Culture & Everyday Lifearound”) is a term for a kind of long outer garment mentioned in Qing costume writing and literature. It generally denotes a relatively enclosed robe or padded coat witho
Clans & GenealogyThe Zha-te-hei clan is among the historical Manchu Banner surnames preserved in Qing official reference works. A directly identifiable early notice appears in fascicle 7
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhaketa clan was a historical Manchu surname recorded in fascicle 62 of the Genealogies of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. In the electronic transcription of t
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhakuta clan appears in fascicle 36 of the Genealogies of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Its introductory notice associates the surname with settlement across
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhalali clan is described in a dedicated notice in fascicle 51 of the Genealogies of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The compilation associates its members wit
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhalucha clan is a historical Manchu Banner surname recorded in Qing official clan literature. Fascicle 7 of the Huangchao tongzhi gives a variant Chinese spelling of
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhamuqin clan appears in the Manchu genealogical literature of the Qing. Fascicle 61 of the Siku quanshu transcription of the Genealogies of the Manchu Clans of the E
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhasihuli clan, also represented by a closely related Chinese spelling, is included in fascicle 42 of the Genealogies of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The co
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhuanta clan is listed in fascicle 57 of the Genealogies of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, where its ancestral place is recorded as Nimacha. The first individ
Eight Banners & InstitutionsIn the terminology of Qing imperial-clan nobility, bafen (literally “eight shares” or “eight divisions”) is most consequential in the distinction between titles described
People & BiographiesTian Jinzhong is a figure from the Tian clan section of Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, belonging to the Bordered Yello
People & BiographiesXuanhua in Zhili, was a commander whose career crossed the Ming–Qing transition. Originally a Ming regional commander (zongbing), he and Ma Degong handed the Southern Min
Qing HistoryTiancong was the reign-era name used by Hong Taiji during the Later Jin period. Its first year corresponded to 1627. Following Nurhaci's death, Hong Taiji succeeded in 16
Qing HistoryTianming (“Heaven's Mandate”) was the reign-era name adopted after Nurhaci established the Jin state in 1616. In Qing historical chronology its eleven years extend from 1
Clans & GenealogyTiao Hai is recorded in Volume 73 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the Che clan. He is recorded as a bondservan
Art & Digital HumanitiesTibetan Buddhism, a Buddhist tradition formed within the cultural exchange environment of Tibet and surrounding areas, encompasses various sects, monasteries, and educati
Clans & GenealogyTingniu was a member of the Manchu Ezhuo clan, belonging to the Plain Red Banner. His family had lived in the Heilongjiang region for generations and submitted to the Qin
Clans & GenealogyTong Bao is a bondservant of the Irgen Gioro clan in Jiamuhu, listed in Volume 12 of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans compiled during the Qianlong
Clans & GenealogyTong Biao was a member of the Bordered Red Banner of the Tongjia clan, related to Tong Yangzheng. His family had lived in Tongjia for generations and submitted to the Qin
Clans & GenealogyTong Guo was a member of the Lijia clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 33 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealo
Clans & GenealogyTong Guogang was a member of the Tongjia clan, the eldest son of Tong Tulai, and originally belonged to the Bordered Yellow Banner. The Qing Dynasty official clan genealo
People & BiographiesQing official of the Tunggiya clan, a son of Tong Tulai and elder brother of Tong Guowei. His biography identifies him with the Bordered Yellow Manchu Banner but also rec
Clans & GenealogyTong Guowei was a member of the Tongjia clan, the second son of Tong Tulai, and originally belonged to the Bordered Yellow Banner. Volume 20 of the Qing Dynasty official
People & BiographiesBordered Yellow Manchu Banner and was a son of Tong Tulai and younger brother of Tong Guogang. He was also the brother of Empress Xiaokangzhang and father of Empress Xiao
Clans & GenealogyTong Nami was a member of the Nara clan, a bondservant of the Plain White Banner. His family had lived in Liaoyang for generations, and the year of their submission is un
Clans & GenealogyTong Shan was a member of the Tongjia clan, Plain Blue Banner, and a relative of Tong Yangzheng. His family had lived in Tongjia for generations and submitted to the Qing
People & BiographiesTong Shouli appears in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the Tong clan section. He belonged to the Plain White Bann
People & BiographiesTong Tianyou was a member of the Manchu Plain White Banner's bondservant administration during the Qing Dynasty. Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Cl
Clans & GenealogyTong Yangqian was a member of the Bordered Red Banner of the Tongjia clan, related to Tong Yangzheng. They were originally from Tongjia and submitted to the Qing dynasty
People & Biographiesmilitary and administrative figure whose family traced its origins to the Tunggiya region before moving into Ming territory, engaging in commerce, and residing at Fushun.
Clans & GenealogyTong Yangze was a member of the Tongjia clan, Plain Blue Banner, and a relative of Tong Yangzheng. His family had lived in Tongjia for generations and submitted to the Qi
Clans & GenealogyTong Zhao was a member of the Tongjia clan, a member of the Bordered Red Banner, and a relative of Tong Yangzheng. His family had lived in Tongjia for generations and sub
Clans & GenealogyTong Zhenguo was a member of the Tongjia clan, a member of the Bordered Red Banner, and a relative of Tong Yangzheng. His family had lived in Tongjia for generations, and
Clans & GenealogyTong Zuo is a member of the Tong clan recorded in Volume 73 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The original text states he was a bon
Clans & GenealogyThe Tong'e Luo clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 57 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, scattered in places
People & BiographiesTongatul Baturu was a member of the Manchu Eji clan, belonging to the Plain Red Banner. His family had lived in Yehe for generations, and he and his elder brother, Daiyin
Clans & GenealogyTonggui was a member of the Huifa Nara clan in the early Qing Dynasty, the grandson of Wang Jinu, the leader of the Huifa clan, and a native of Huifa. Volume 24 of the of
Clans & GenealogyTongjiao was a member of the Saimile clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 36 of the officially compiled the Comprehensive Genealogy of
Clans & GenealogyTongjishan was a member of the Bayara clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Volume 38 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clan
Clans & GenealogyThe Tongqi clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 59 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They res
Clans & GenealogyTongyan Gioro is recorded in volume 18 of the Qianlong Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. One principal branch came from Ya'erhu. Maohai, o
Clans & GenealogyTopqi was a member of the Yehe Nara clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in the Yehe region for generations and submitted to
Clans & GenealogyThe Torjia clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 56 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, and they resided in
Language & ScriptTraditional Mongolian script is a historical writing system for recording the Mongolian language using vertically connected letters, typically written from top to bottom
Eight Banners & Institutionsqualified officials serving in the provinces could be selected for transfer to the capital, where they might undergo examination, assessment, or presentation for appointm
Eight Banners & Institutionsqualification within the school and examination systems of the Ming and Qing dynasties. It concerned the recommendation or admission of students from local government sch
Places & HeritageManchu-Mongolian-Chinese trilingual inscriptions refer to historical materials recorded in Manchu, Mongolian, and Chinese simultaneously on a single stele or a group of r
Clans & GenealogyTsermuteh was a member of the Fuca clan of Feiyou City under the Plain White Banner in the early Qing Dynasty, originally serving as a local chieftain. Volume 25 of the C
People & BiographiesTu Biyuan was a bondservant under the Plain White Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Tieling for generations, but the year they submitted to the Qing
Clans & GenealogyTu Nan was a member of the Bayara clan of the Plain Yellow Banner. Volume 38 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of th
People & BiographiesTubileng, listed in Volume 56 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the Chokeqin clan, belonged to the Plain Blue Ba
Clans & GenealogyTudali was a member of the Ulanara clan of the Bordered White Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. His original genealogy records that he was transferred from the Plain Yell
Clans & GenealogyTuhene was a member of the Ningguta clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Volume 41 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
Clans & GenealogyThe Tukedun clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 56 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, and its ancestral
Clans & GenealogyThe Tuktan clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 54 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, scattered in places
People & BiographiesFiongdon, one of Nurhaci's prominent early commanders. He was originally registered in the Bordered Yellow Banner and later transferred with his brothers to the Plain Yel
Clans & GenealogyTule Shen was a member of the Bayara clan of the Plain White Banner. Volume 38 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of
Clans & GenealogyThe Tumen clan appears in volume 56 of the Qianlong-era Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with Ula recorded as its ancestral region. The princ
Clans & GenealogyTument is a figure from the Plain Blue Banner in the Wanyan clan genealogy. The official Qing dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the
People & BiographiesTuna, mentioned in Volume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, is the grandson of Hushitun of the Hong'e clan and served as Minister of
People & BiographiesTunaha, simplified as Tunaha, was a member of the Wu Lu clan, belonging to the Plain Yellow Banner. His family had lived in Ula for generations and submitted to the Qing
Clans & GenealogyTunbu was a member of the Dong'e clan of the Bordered Red Banner of the Manchus in the early Qing Dynasty, and the younger brother of Lukesu. In Volume 8 of the official
Language & ScriptThe Tungusic language family is a linguistic term used to classify related languages such as Manchu, Evenki, and Oroqen. It is established based on language structure,
Clans & GenealogyTuntai was a member of the Xilin Gioro clan in the early Qing Dynasty, belonging to the Bordered Blue Banner, and his family had lived in Wangqin for generations. Volume
People & BiographiesTuoerqikan is a member of the Yuhulu clan recorded in Volume 46 of the Qing Dynasty's official genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Ban
Clans & GenealogyTuohelun was a member of the Lijia clan of the Plain Red Banner. Volume 33 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the
Clans & GenealogyBordered White Banner. The family had a historical association with Hemen and joined the early Manchu polity. Volume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner
Clans & GenealogyTuoling'a was a member of the Lijia clan, a bondservant of the Plain Red Banner, during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 33 of the official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Co
Clans & GenealogyThe Tuomo clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 52 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, distributed in areas such
Clans & GenealogyThe Tupusu clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 56 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, and their ancestral h
People & BiographiesTuqiu was a member of the Manchu Samarji clan, belonging to the Bordered Blue Banner. His family had lived in Bulha Village, Hurha River, for generations, but the year of
People & BiographiesTurboshen was a member of the Burcha clan in the early Qing Dynasty, belonging to the Plain Yellow Banner, and his family had lived in the Akuri region for generations. V
People & Biographiesand a commander associated with the Bordered White Manchu Banner. He married a hošo princess, giving him a marriage relationship with the ruling house, while also holding
Clans & GenealogyTurhun was a member of the Tongyan Gioro clan of the Bordered Blue Banner. His family had lived in Yarhu for generations and submitted to the Qing dynasty at the beginnin
Clans & GenealogyTurkun Huangzhan was a member of the Zhangjia clan of the Bordered White Banner. Volume 40 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manc
Clans & GenealogyThe Tuseli clan is recorded in volume 50 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with families around Maotaha village in Heilongjiang and els
People & BiographiesTushai was a member of the Songjia clan of the Plain Blue Banner, the sixth son of Sun Zhali. Volume 42 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Geneal
People & BiographiesTutulun was a Guwalgiya figure of the Plain Blue Banner whose family came from Ula. The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, volume 3, record
People & BiographiesTuyaqi was a member of the Manchu Xitala clan, belonging to the Plain White Banner. His family had lived in the Changbai Mountain area for generations and submitted to th
Clans & GenealogyVolume 15 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners includes Udaha in the appendix of the Irgen Gioro clan. His banner affiliation is li
Clans & GenealogyUden'e appears in Volume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Irgen Gioro clan. The genealogy lists him as
Clans & GenealogyThe Ujaku clan is recorded in volume 34 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. It places family branches in Gahali and other localities and
Clans & GenealogyUjuamuba was a member of the Fuca clan of Feiyoucheng under the Bordered Red Banner in the early Qing Dynasty, who submitted to the Qing Dynasty at the beginning of the d
Clans & GenealogyUka is a bondservant of the Plain White Banner under the "Muketu Clan" section of Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, whose
Clans & GenealogyThe Ulanara clan is one of the branches of the Nara surname found in Qing Dynasty documents, its name related to the historical Ula region and its political groups. The '
Clans & GenealogyThe Ulhan clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 53 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, and they originally re
Clans & GenealogyThe Ulhuji clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans, an official compilation from the Qianlong reign.
Clans & GenealogyThe Ulisu clan is recorded in volume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Its families lived around Qiqihar and other parts of the nort
Eight Banners & InstitutionsQing population registers, banner administration, and military schools for young males not yet counted as fully adult ding. The specific age limits and rules differed wit
Language & ScriptUnicode is an international standard that assigns unified character encodings to various scripts worldwide. It is not a specific font or input method; it specifies how co
Archives & Historical Sourceswork compiled by Sa Ying'e. Its prefatory material describes a process of gathering written and oral information and organizing it by subject, both to supplement gaps in
People & BiographiesUnuhuqi: Unuhuqi is a member of the Bilai clan in Volume 58 of the General Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Plain Yellow Banner, and his
Clans & GenealogyThe Urda clan is recorded in volume 54 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, which places its members in the Yehe region and elsewhere. The
Clans & GenealogyThe Urgucen clan appears in volume 51 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Its families were distributed around Muleng and other localitie
Clans & GenealogyUlusu is a member of the Tuktan clan, listed in Volume 54 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy book, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banner
Clans & GenealogyThe Use clan appears in volume 50 of the Qianlong-sponsored Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Its branches originated in Yehe and several othe
Clans & GenealogyThe Usu clan is discussed in volume 37 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. According to that source, Usu was originally a place-name and
Clans & GenealogyThe Uyacha clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans, an official compilation of the Qianlong Empero
Eight Banners & Institutionsdesignated soldiers of the elite Vanguard Battalion, normally selected from the Manchu and Mongol banner populations. Duties included the emperor's security, guard servic
Archives & Historical SourcesThe Veritable Records of the Qing Dynasty is a comprehensive official historical record of the major political affairs and activities of the emperors of the Qing Dynasty.
Archives & Historical SourcesImperial edicts with vermilion annotations are an important type of historical material among Qing Dynasty officials' memorials, bearing the emperor's vermilion handwriti
Language & ScriptManchu vertical writing is a writing style where Manchu characters are arranged from top to bottom according to the traditional writing direction, and usually progress fr
Language & ScriptVertical writing is the fundamental arrangement of the Manchu writing system: characters are typically written from top to bottom, with one column continuing to the left
Eight Banners & InstitutionsThe title translated here as “viscount” (zi) belonged to the Qing hierarchy of meritorious and affinal nobility. It stood below count (bo) and above baron (nan) and was d
Clans & GenealogyThe Volha clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianlong reig
Language & ScriptVowel harmony is a phenomenon in some languages where the vowels of word roots and affixes mutually constrain each other in specific ways, and this also exists in Manch
People & BiographiesWadassun is a figure listed in Volume 53 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the He Yi clan. He belonged to the Plain Yellow Banner
Clans & GenealogyWaguli was a member of the Fucha clan of Zakuta in the Bordered White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. He was of the same clan as Delengge and lived in Zakuta for ge
People & BiographiesWajine Mergen was an early Qing Guwalgiya figure of the Plain Yellow Banner. The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, volume 4, records Nangw
People & BiographiesWakda, the fourth son of Daišan, was an early Qing prince and military commander later known by the noble and posthumous designation Prince Qianxiang of the Second Rank.
Clans & GenealogyWakdan is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Red Banner, recorded in Volume 15 of the official genealogy of the Manchu Eight Banners, compiled during the Qi
People & BiographiesWamubu was a member of the Manchu Ezhuo clan, belonging to the Plain Red Banner. His family had lived in Yehe for generations, and he submitted to the Qing dynasty at the
Clans & GenealogyWan Bulu was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Dayang Ertun for generations and submitted to
Clans & GenealogyWanasun was a member of the Wuzhala clan of the Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 30 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Gen
Clans & GenealogyWang Ai is a bannerman under the Wang clan in Volume 75 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The genealogy records that he belonged to
People & BiographiesWang Bi is a figure recorded in Volume 79 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section "Appendix: Surnames of the Manchu Ban
People & BiographiesWang Chengde is a bondservant of the Bordered Yellow Banner recorded in Volume 75 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The original te
People & BiographiesWang Chengzhao was a member of the Bordered White Banner's bondservant administration during the Qing Dynasty. The Wang family had long resided in Tieling, but the exact
Clans & GenealogyThe Wang clan is recorded in Volume 74 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, which lists a branch of Wang Guozuo, belonging to the Nika
Clans & GenealogyWang Hongde is listed in Volume 75 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Wang clan. He belonged to the Bordered
Clans & GenealogyWang Jina was a member of the Hesheli clan of the Plain White Banner of the Manchus during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Hada for generations and submit
Clans & GenealogyWang Jina was a member of the Hesheli clan in the early Qing Dynasty, belonging to the Plain Blue Banner's bondservant (baoyi). His family had lived in Hada for generatio
Clans & GenealogyIn the entry for the Tainikan surname within the Manchu banners of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, Volume 79, Wang Jina is liste
Clans & GenealogyWang Shan is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner, listed in Volume Twelve of the official clan genealogy General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
Clans & GenealogyWang Shi was a member of the Namudulu clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in the Namudulu area for generations and submitte
Clans & GenealogyWang Yongsheng is recorded in Volume 75 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Wang clan. He belonged to the Pla
Clans & GenealogyWang Zheng is recorded in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Wang clan. He was a bannerman of the
Clans & GenealogyWangjinu was a member of the Shaji Fucha clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 25 of the official Qing Dynasty clan genealogy, The Comp
People & BiographiesWangzhu was a Guwalgiya figure registered in the Bordered Red Banner, with Anchulaku named as his family's ancestral locality. Volume 2 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of
Clans & GenealogyWantasi was a member of the Shaji Fucha clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty, and the second son of Wangjinu. Volume 25 of the official Qing D
People & BiographiesWazhu was a Guwalgiya member of the Bordered White Banner whose family lived in the Warka region. Volume 2 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight
Clans & GenealogyThe Wei family is recorded in Volume 74 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the name of Shou'en, listed as a Nikan surname withi
People & BiographiesWei Li, also known as Wei Li, appears in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the Guo Jia clan. They belonged
People & BiographiesWei Zhongbin appears in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Wei family. He belonged to the Bordered
Clans & GenealogyWei Zhuhu was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Dong'an for generations and submitted to the Qing Dynasty at the beginni
Clans & Genealogythe Guwalgiya clan registered in the Plain White Banner and associated with Anculaku. The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner Manchu Clans, volume 2, leaves the f
People & BiographiesWeiqi was a Guwalgiya man of the Bordered Yellow Banner and the ninth younger brother of Fiyanggū. Volume 1 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eigh
Clans & GenealogyThe Wen family has three branches recorded in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, listed under the Nikan surnames within th
Clans & GenealogyWen Deheng was a member of the Zhaojia clan of the Plain White Banner. The official Qing dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight
Clans & GenealogyWen Duoshun belonged to the Irkule clan of the Plain White Banner. Volume 39 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of th
People & BiographiesWen Shitong: Wen Shitong is a member of the Bordered Blue Banner bondservant family, listed in the Wen family entry of Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Man
Clans & GenealogyThe Wenca clan is recorded in volume 48 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with Yehe among its ancestral regions. Antai of the Plain Red
Clans & GenealogyThe Wencha clan is a Manchu surname, simplified as Wencha. Volume 48 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight
Clans & GenealogyThe Wencheheng clan is a Manchu surname, simplified as Wencheheng. Volume 48 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of
Clans & GenealogyThe Wencheheng clan appears in volume 48 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with branches from Ula and Yehe. Boerji of the Bordered Yell
Clans & GenealogyThe Wendu clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 51 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, scattered in areas such
Clans & GenealogyThe Wendu clan appears in volume 51 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with members from the Neyin River region and other northeastern s
Clans & GenealogyWeng An is a member of the Tatara clan recorded in Volume 11 of the official genealogy of the Manchu Eight Banners, The General Genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clan
Clans & GenealogyThe Weng Niu Luo clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans, an official compilation from the Qianlon
Clans & GenealogyWeng Tuo was a member of the Namudulu clan of the Bordered Red Banner, whose ancestral home was in Liaoyang. The exact year he submitted to the Qing dynasty is unknown. T
People & BiographiesWengguochun was an early Qing Guwalgiya man of the Bordered Blue Banner, with Nimacha recorded as his ancestral place. Volume 2 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manc
Clans & GenealogyWenpuli was a member of the Fuca clan of the Plain Yellow Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in the Jiamuhu area for generations and submitted to the
People & BiographiesWenqing, courtesy name Kongxiu, belonged to the Feimo clan and the Manchu Bordered Red Banner. He was an influential official during the Daoguang and Xianfeng reigns. Aft
Clans & GenealogyWenrui is a figure under the Wen clan entry in Volume 73 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The original text records him as a bonds
People & BiographiesWentasi, also known as Wentasi, appears in Volume 56 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Pusu clan. He belong
Clans & GenealogyThe Wentehe clan is recorded in volume 50 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with families associated with Zhusheli. Gahuda of the Borde
People & BiographiesWenxiang, courtesy name Bochuan, was a member of the Guwalgiya clan of the Manchu Plain Red Banner, with an ancestral connection to Shengjing. He earned the jinshi degree
People & BiographiesWenyu, courtesy name Xingyan, was a member of the Feimo clan of the Manchu Plain Blue Banner. He began his career as a student attached to the official educational system
Culture & Everyday Lifea fur outer garment worn over formal clothing during specified cold-weather ceremonies. It provided protection from the weather while expressing the wearer's entitlement
Culture & Everyday Lifeduanzhao was a fur outer garment worn at prescribed ceremonial occasions and seasons. Its materials could mark service rank. Volume 5 of the Huangchao liqi tushi describe
Clans & GenealogyThe Wochehe clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 58 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They resi
Clans & GenealogyThe Wocheku clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 59 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They resi
Clans & GenealogyWohede was a member of the Majia clan in the early Qing Dynasty, belonging to the Bordered Blue Banner's bondservant class. His family had lived in Majia for generations,
Clans & GenealogyVolume 57 of the Qianlong-era Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners records four principal Wole lines: Kacha of the Plain White Banner, Chahadai of
Clans & GenealogyWolik was a member of the Bayara clan of the Plain White Banner. Volume 38 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the
People & BiographiesWu Baliyaku, whose mother's name was originally "Wu Baliyaku," was a member of the Pangjia clan. Volume 61 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight
Clans & GenealogyWu Ban is the original name preserved by Mu Ku. Volume 12 of the official clan genealogy of the Qianlong era, The General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banne
Clans & GenealogyWu Ban was a member of the Yehe Fucha clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Yehe for generations and submitted to the Qing
Clans & GenealogyWu Batai was a member of the Wuya clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 29 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Ma
Clans & GenealogyThe genealogy book lists Wu Batai under the heading "Yougeli Clan," but the main subject of the entry is still Wu Batai himself; the surname heading indicates the arrange
Clans & GenealogyWu Dali is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan, listed in Volume Thirteen of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans compiled during the Qianlong reign. He
Clans & GenealogyWu Dachanba Lu was a member of the Zhaojia clan of the Bordered White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 31 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehe
Clans & GenealogyWu Dai was a member of the Shumulu clan of the Bordered Red Banner of the Manchus in the early Qing Dynasty. He was a relative of Ye Chen, the son-in-law of Hule'e, and h
Clans & GenealogyWu Erhuda was a member of the Hada Nara clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. He was the eldest son of Menggebulu, the leader of Hada, and his fam
Clans & GenealogyWu Jin was a member of the Tongjia clan, Plain White Banner, whose family had lived in Hada for generations and submitted to the Qing dynasty at the beginning of the dyna
Clans & GenealogyWu Ka was a member of the Huifa Nara clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Huifa for generations and submitted to the Qin
Clans & GenealogyThe Wu La clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 61 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They resi
People & BiographiesWu Lemu, simplified as Wu Lemu, was a member of the Plain Red Banner of the Hurha clan and a cousin of Nahantai. Volume 48 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, the C
Clans & GenealogyThe Wu Lu clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 49 of the Qing Dynasty official compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, w
Clans & GenealogyWu Nehe was a member of the Kou De clan in the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 29 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of th
Clans & GenealogyThe Wu Nieqi clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 59 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They w
People & BiographiesWu Shangli is a member of the Plain Yellow Banner (a bondservant class) listed in the Wu clan entry of Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the
Clans & GenealogyWu Tai was a member of the Yehe Nara clan, a bondservant of the Bordered Yellow Banner, during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in the Yehe region for generat
People & Biographiesthe son of Wu Sangui and a Qing imperial son-in-law in the early decades of the dynasty. Following his father's submission to the Qing, Wu Yingxiong married a daughter of
Clans & GenealogyWu Zhang'a was a member of the Tongjia clan, belonging to the Bordered Yellow Banner. His family had lived in Jiaha for generations and submitted to the Qing dynasty at t
People & BiographiesWu Zhu was a member of the Yuhulu clan, whose ancestors resided in Ying'e and Luo. Volume 46 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Ma
People & BiographiesWubai was the eldest son of Wulikan of the Guwalgiya clan, registered in the Plain White Banner. According to volume 4 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
Clans & GenealogyThe Wuchala clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 58 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. Their anc
Clans & GenealogyThe Wuergeqi clan appears in volume 56 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with Yehe named as its ancestral home. Dadu of the Bordered Re
People & BiographiesThe name Wuhuni appears in Volume 54 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy book, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry fo
Clans & GenealogyThe Wujia clan is listed in volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with members associated with Ula, the Solon region, and other p
People & BiographiesWulai belonged to the Guwalgiya clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner. His father Wuerhan was a younger brother of the celebrated commander Fiyanggū, and Wulai was Wuerhan's
People & BiographiesQing member of the Šumulu clan registered in the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner. The clan was associated with Kurka and related to the imperial son-in-law Yanggūri. Volume 6
People & BiographiesWuli was a member of the Hong'e clan during the Qing Dynasty, listed in Volume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for
People & BiographiesWulikan was an early Qing Guwalgiya figure of the Plain White Banner, from the historical locality of Federi. Volume 4 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
Clans & GenealogyThe Wuling'a clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 56 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, and their ancestral h
People & BiographiesWuling'e, also known as Wuling'e, is listed in Volume 53 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the Heyi Clan. He bel
Clans & GenealogyWu Maka was a member of the Wuse clan in the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 50 of the officially compiled the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners
Clans & GenealogyThe Wunie clan is recorded in volume 56 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with Saharca as its ancestral region. Boshen of the Bordered
Clans & GenealogyComprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner Manchu Clans as a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Red Banner. His family was associated with the historical place
Clans & GenealogyThe Wusuli clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation of the Qianlong Emp
Clans & GenealogyThe Wusuzhan clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 53 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Their ancestral home
Clans & GenealogyQing military figure of the Irgen Gioro clan whose ancestral geographical association was Changbai Mountain. Volume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner
People & BiographiesWuyunzhu, simplified as Wuyunzhu, is a member of the Wencheheng clan recorded in Volume 48 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy, The Complete Genealogy of the Manchu Cl
Clans & GenealogyXiertai was a member of the Shumulu clan of the Plain White Banner of the Manchus in the early Qing Dynasty. He was the son of Wu Batai and a grandson of Mu Han, and his
Clans & GenealogyXi Han is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan recorded in Volume 15 of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu clans compiled during the Qianlong reign. He lived
Clans & GenealogyThe Xia surname appears in Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on Nikan surnames within the Manchu Banner
People & BiographiesXia Deqiang is an ancestor recorded in the Xia family entry of Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation
People & BiographiesXia Guan was a bondservant under the Plain Yellow Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in what the original text calls "Zijie," but the year of their subm
Clans & GenealogyXia Hu was a member of the Hadanara clan of the Plain Yellow Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Hadan for generations, and he was the great-grandso
Clans & GenealogyVolume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners identifies Xiandachan as a locality from which a Manchu clan took its name. Its recorded
Clans & GenealogyThe Xiao family is listed as a Nikan surname within the Manchu banner system in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with br
People & BiographiesXiao Ke was a prominent figure in the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Qing Dynasty. The Xiao family had long resided in Shenyang, but the year of their submission is unknow
Clans & GenealogyXiao Zi appears in Volume 75 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for members of the Plain White Banner's bondservant s
Language & ScriptXibe is the language spoken by the Xibe ethnic group, belonging to the Tungusic language family and closely related to Manchu. Modern Xibe script shares significant conne
Clans & GenealogyThe Xibe are one of China's ethnic groups, and their history is closely related to the Xibe communities in Northeast China and the Eight Banners system of the Qing Dynast
People & BiographiesXiben'e was a member of the Meile clan. Volume 50 of the officially compiled General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners records him as a bondservant of th
People & BiographiesXie Chengzong was a bondservant of the Plain Yellow Banner during the Qing Dynasty. The Xie family had long resided in Shenyang, but the exact year of their arrival is un
Clans & GenealogyThe Xie family has several branches recorded in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, listed under the Nikan surnames within
Clans & GenealogyThe Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners records two branches of the Ye family: Ye Yongquan and Ye Yongxiang, listed under the Nikan surnames
People & BiographiesXie Jinyan was a bondservant of the Plain White Banner during the Qing Dynasty. The Xie family had long resided in Shenyang, but the year of their submission is unknown.
People & BiographiesXie Jiufeng is a figure from the Xie clan under Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Plain Yellow Banner'
Clans & GenealogyThe Xierbi clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 59 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation of the Qianlong
Clans & GenealogyXierbu was a member of the Usu clan of the Plain Blue Banner. Volume 37 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eig
People & Biographiescommander of the Giorca clan, associated with the Plain Yellow Manchu Banner and a family from the Changbai Mountain region. He served as a guard to Hong Taiji before the
People & BiographiesXierguan: Xierguan is a member of the Merzhele clan in Volume 52 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, belonging to the Bordered Yellow
Clans & GenealogyThe Xifaqi clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 62 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianlo
Clans & GenealogyXifo was a member of the Daijia clan, a bondservant of the Plain Yellow Banner. Volume 29 of the Qing Dynasty official compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Man
People & BiographiesXifo was a member of the Manchu Suochuoluo clan, belonging to the Plain White Banner. His family had lived in Yehe for generations and submitted to the Qing dynasty at th
Clans & GenealogyThe Xikede clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 60 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They ori
Clans & GenealogyThe Xikejila clan is recorded in volume 55 of the Qianlong Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Its members lived in the Heilongjiang region.
Clans & GenealogyThe Xiketeli clan is documented in volume 34 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The volume associates its branches with Guareca, the
Clans & GenealogyXilai was a general of the Hesheli clan of the Manchu Plain Red Banner in the early Qing Dynasty, and the nephew of Wu Bahai. Volume Nine of the official clan genealogy o
People & BiographiesXili is a figure listed in Volume 54 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy book, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the Zhangjin
Clans & GenealogyXilin was a member of the Lijia clan of the Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 33 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu
Clans & GenealogyThe Ximole clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 57 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, scattered in areas such
People & BiographiesXin Jian was a bondservant under the Bordered Yellow Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Jinzhou for generations, but the year they submitted to the Q
Clans & GenealogyThe Xing family is recorded in Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the name of Xing Huayuan, listed as a Nikan surnam
Clans & GenealogyXinggeli was a member of the Yehe Nara clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Yehe for generations and submitted to the
Clans & GenealogyXingxiang was a member of the Bayara clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Volume 38 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
Places & HeritageXinjiang, located in Northwest China, is an important region for the study of Inner Asia governance and multilingual administration during the Qing Dynasty. Today's "Xinj
Clans & GenealogyXiteku appears in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Meng'esuo clan. He was a member of the Plain
Clans & GenealogyXituhun was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in the Jiamuhu area for generations and submitte
Clans & GenealogyThe Xu surname appears in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on Nikan surnames within the Manchu banners
People & BiographiesXu Decheng was a bannerman of the Plain Yellow Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Shenyang for generations, but the year of their submission is unkno
People & BiographiesXu Guan is a member of the Bordered White Banner under the Xu family, as recorded in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Hi
People & BiographiesXu Guopin is a member of the Plain White Banner (a bannerman belonging to the Manchu ethnic group) listed in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
People & BiographiesXu Jie is a member of the Bordered Yellow Banner, listed in the Xu family entry of Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. His
People & BiographiesXu Maoguan was a member of the Plain White Banner under the jurisdiction of the Xu family in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Ban
People & BiographiesXu Sheng is a member of the Plain Blue Banner bondservant family, listed in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official
People & BiographiesXu Tianyang is a member of the Bordered Red Banner bondservant family, listed in Volume 80 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The or
People & BiographiesXu Zhixiao was a bondservant under the Plain White Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Shenyang for generations, but the year of their submission is u
Clans & GenealogyIn the Xu family entry of Volume 76 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, there is a brief but relatively detailed account of Xu Zongda
People & BiographiesXue Hongliang was a bondservant under the Qing Dynasty's Plain Yellow Banner. His family originally resided in Shenyang, but the year of their submission is unknown. The
People & BiographiesXuesheng is a figure recorded under the Lao clan entry in Volume 78 of the official genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans, compiled during the Qianlong reign. He be
People & BiographiesXunta is a member of the Xitala clan recorded in Volume 43 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners.
Clans & GenealogyXunzaqi was a member of the Zhangjia clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Volume 40 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
Clans & GenealogyThe Ya family is recorded in Volume 79 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the name of Ya Shangren, listed as a Tainikan surname
Clans & GenealogyYa Nai was a member of the Sakda clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 35 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Gen
Clans & GenealogyYaha is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan recorded in Volume 15 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The verifiable information pro
Clans & GenealogyYahana was a member of the Lijia clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 33 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Gen
Clans & GenealogyYa Hu was a member of the Shumulu clan of the Bordered Red Banner of the Manchus in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Hunchun for generations and submitted
Clans & GenealogyYalai appears in the appendix to Volume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Irgen Gioro clan. The genealog
Clans & GenealogyYalan was a member of the Wanyan clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 28 of the officially compiled General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
Clans & GenealogyYa Lai was a member of the Tongjia clan, Plain White Banner, and the seventh brother of Hu Erhan, a bodyguard of Darhan. Volume 19 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy,
Clans & GenealogyYamuka was a member of the Shaji Fucha clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Shaji for generations and submitted to the Qi
People & BiographiesYamushda was a member of the Ningguta clan of the Plain Yellow Banner. Volume 41 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
People & BiographiesYamuxi, also known as Yamuxi, appears in Volume 51 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the Aliha clan. He belonged
Clans & GenealogyYan Chengru is a member of the Yan clan recorded in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Bordered Yellow
Clans & GenealogyThe Yan family, as recorded in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, primarily records branches such as Yan Chengru, listed u
People & BiographiesYan Qiwei was a member of the Bordered Yellow Banner under the jurisdiction of a bondservant (baoyi) during the Qing Dynasty. The Yan family had long resided in Shenyang,
People & BiographiesYan Shaoxun is a member of the Plain White Banner (a bannerman belonging to the Manchu ethnic group), as recorded in the Yan clan entry of Volume 78 of the Comprehensive
Clans & GenealogyYan Tai was a member of the Manchu Bordered Red Banner Majia clan in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Shenyang for generations, and the exact time of his s
Clans & GenealogyWu Yanjun appears in the Wu clan entry of Volume 77 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, where he is originally written as "Wu Yan
People & BiographiesYang Guli, simplified as Yang Guli, was a member of the Nisha clan, belonging to the Bordered Red Banner. His family had lived in Nisha for generations and submitted to t
Clans & GenealogyYang Guoli was a member of the Lijia clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 33 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manch
People & BiographiesYang Shouzong appears in Volume 79 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section "Appendix: Surnames of the Tainikan within t
Clans & GenealogyLangzhu of the Šumuru clan, registered in the Plain Yellow Banner and associated with Kurka. He married a daughter of Nurhaci, giving him the title efu, or imperial son-i
People & Biographiesromanization, with a variant written form in the Draft History of Qing) was an early Manchu commander of the Šumuru clan, affiliated with the Plain Yellow Banner. His fat
Clans & GenealogyThe Yangjia clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 54 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, scattered in place
Clans & GenealogyThe Yanjili clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans, an official compilation from the Qianlong era
Clans & GenealogyYan Zhuhu was a member of the Shajifucha clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner in the early Qing Dynasty, and a relative of Wangjinu. Volume 25 of the official Qing Dynasty
Clans & GenealogyYao Da appears in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Yao clan. The original text records him as a
People & BiographiesYao Jiming was a bondservant under the Plain White Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Xiangping for generations, but the year they submitted to the Q
Clans & GenealogyYaolan was a member of the Shumulu clan of the Bordered Red Banner of the Manchus in the early Qing Dynasty. He was of the same clan as Yechen, the son-in-law of Hule'e,
Clans & GenealogyYaose was a bondservant of the Irgen Gioro clan during the Qing Dynasty, residing in Yarhu. The year of his submission is unknown. The official clan genealogy of the Qian
Clans & Genealogyclansman historically associated with Dong'e and admitted to the Manchu state during the Tiancong reign of Hong Taiji. Volume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eig
Clans & GenealogyVolume 79 of the Qing Dynasty's the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners includes a brief biography of Yashangren in the section "Appendix: Su
Clans & GenealogyYaxita was a member of the Tongjia clan, Plain White Banner, whose ancestral home was Macha, and he was related to Baduli Zhalguqi. Volume 19 of the official Comprehensiv
Clans & GenealogyThe genealogy book places Yatu under the heading "Bali Clan"; here, Yatu remains the main entry, and the surname heading only indicates the family arrangement in the gene
Clans & GenealogyYe Muzhu was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Xingkan for generations and submitted to the
People & BiographiesYe Qin was a member of the Manchu Samarji clan, belonging to the Plain White Banner, and hailed from the Solon region. He submitted to the Qing dynasty during the Tiancon
People & BiographiesYe Yongquan is an ancestor of the Ye family, listed under the entry for the Ye family in Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners
Clans & GenealogyYegude was a member of the Sakda clan of the Bordered Red Banner. Volume 35 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of t
Clans & GenealogyThe Yehe clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans, an official compilation from the Qianlong reign. T
Clans & GenealogyThe Yehe Nara clan is an important clan name in Manchu history, related to the traditions of the Yehe and Nara (or Nara) clans. Differences may exist in the spelling and
Clans & GenealogyThe Yehele clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation compiled during the Q
People & BiographiesYekeshu was an early Qing Guwalgiya member of the Plain Blue Banner whose family came from Ula. Volume 3 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight B
Clans & GenealogyThe Yekuli clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 56 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, and its ancestral h
Clans & GenealogyChinese headword includes an uncommon character, appears in volume 14 of the official Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner Manchu Clans. He belonged to an Irgen Gi
Clans & GenealogyThe Yemu clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 53 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, scattered throughout Yehe
Clans & GenealogyYerkude was a member of the Lijia clan of the Plain Blue Banner. Volume 33 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Complete Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight
Clans & GenealogyYibai was a general of the Hesheli clan of the Manchu Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. He was the younger brother of Yibali, and his family had long resid
Clans & GenealogyThe Yi family is mentioned in Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on Nikan surnames within the Manchu Ban
Clans & GenealogyYi Daming was a bondservant under the Plain White Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Liaoyang for generations, and the year of their submission is un
Clans & GenealogyYi Gou was a member of the Bayara clan of the Plain White Banner. In the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Ban
Clans & GenealogyYilaqin was a member of the Hesheli clan of the Manchu Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Huifa for generations, and the exact time
Clans & GenealogyGioro clan of the Plain Red Banner, associated with Xiermen. His household joined the Manchu polity in its formative period. Volume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of t
Clans & GenealogyYibaide was a member of the Sakda clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 35 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Geneal
Clans & GenealogyThe Yikulu clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianlong r
Clans & GenealogyYilaqi was a member of the Sakda clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 35 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Gen
Clans & GenealogyYierdeng was a general of the Niohuru clan of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner, the tenth son of Eidu. Volume Five of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of
People & BiographiesYile Shen was a member of the Manchu Feimo clan, belonging to the Bordered Yellow Banner, and his family had lived in the Saqiku area for generations. Volume 44 of the of
Clans & GenealogyThe Yileerji clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 60 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They r
Clans & GenealogyYileng'e was a member of the Lijia clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. The official Qing Dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the
Clans & GenealogyYin Dahun is a member of the Irgen Gioro clan, a bondservant of the Plain White Banner, listed in Volume 14 of the official genealogy of the Manchu Eight Banners compiled
People & BiographiesYin De'an is a member of the Bordered Blue Banner bondservant family, listed in the Yin Clan entry of Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the
Clans & GenealogyYin Deli was a member of the Fuca clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. His ancestral home was in Hurha, and he submitted to the Qing Dynasty at t
Clans & GenealogyYin Deqi was a bondservant of the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Xilin Gioro clan, whose family had lived in the Changbai Mountains for generations and submitted to the Qi
Clans & GenealogyYindahuqi was a member of the Fuca clan of the Bordered Blue Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Saiyinneyin for generations and submitted to the Qi
Clans & Genealogymember of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain White Banner, associated with the historical locality transcribed as Wakhong Emo. His family submitted during the Tiancong rei
Clans & GenealogyYinek was a member of the Sikterli clan of the Plain Yellow Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 34 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Gene
Clans & GenealogyYing'e was a member of the Wanyan clan of the Bordered Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 28 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Gene
People & BiographiesYing'erli appears in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Yujia clan. He was a member of the Plain W
People & BiographiesYinggene was a member of the Manchu Zheerqi clan, belonging to the Bordered Blue Banner. His family had lived in Nimacha for generations and submitted to the Qing dynasty
Clans & GenealogyYingkun appears in the Wang family entry of Volume 75 of the Qing Dynasty official compilation, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Hist
Clans & GenealogyYinta is a figure from the Tangwu clan, recorded in Volume 52 of the the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He belonged to the Plain White
Clans & GenealogyYintai was a member of the Hadanara clan, a bondservant of the Bordered Yellow Banner, during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Hadan for generations. Volum
People & BiographiesYiseji was a member of the Guwalgiya clan registered in the Bordered Red Banner, with Ula given as the family's ancestral locality. Volume 3 of the Comprehensive Genealog
People & BiographiesYisun was the second son of Yindahuqi Mo'ergen of the Guwalgiya clan. Volume 1 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners places him in the B
Clans & GenealogyYitakan was a member of the Bayara clan of the Plain Blue Banner. Volume 38 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the
Clans & GenealogyThe Yitemo clan is recorded in volume 42 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, which groups branches around Yehe and other regions. Yitemo
Clans & GenealogyYituli was a member of the Namudulu clan of the Bordered Red Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. His ancestral home was in Suifen, and he submitted to the Qing Dynasty at t
Clans & GenealogyYizhu was a member of the Ningguta clan of the Bordered White Banner. Volume 41 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans
Clans & GenealogyYodani was a member of the Tongjia clan, Plain White Banner, whose ancestral home was Macha. He was of the same clan as Badulizhalguchi and submitted to the Qing dynasty
Clans & GenealogyYolan was a member of the Hada Nara clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Hada for generations, and he was the great-great-g
People & BiographiesYou Cheng Han: You Cheng Han is a figure under the Bordered Blue Banner bondservant (BaoYiGuanLing) of the You clan in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Man
Clans & GenealogyThe You family is listed in Volume 79 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the category of Tainikan surnames within the Manchu b
Clans & GenealogyYoucai appears in Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the entry for the Hou clan, recorded as a member of the Bordered
Clans & GenealogyThe Yougeli clan is recorded in volume 61 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with Yehe as its ancestral region. Wubatai of the Bordered
Eight Banners & InstitutionsQing tribute student selected on the basis of scholarly and moral performance. It belonged to the qualification system associated with the Guozijian, or Imperial Academy.
Clans & GenealogyThe Yu surname appears in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on Nikan surnames within the Manchu Banners
Clans & GenealogyThe Yu family is listed in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the Nikan surnames within the Manchu Banners, recording
Eight Banners & Institutions"Yu Ding" was a term used in Qing Dynasty banner documents to refer to people outside the established military quotas and ranks. The emphasis was on the relationship betw
People & BiographiesYu Jin is a figure under the Plain White Banner bondservant commander in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, specifically t
People & BiographiesYu Shichen was a prominent figure in the Plain Yellow Banner of the Qing Dynasty. His family had long resided in Liaoyang, but the exact year of their arrival is unknown.
Clans & GenealogyYu Yaolong is a figure recorded under the Yu family entry in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The original text clearly
People & BiographiesYou Yu was a bondservant of the Plain Yellow Banner during the Qing Dynasty. The You family had long resided in Liaoyang, and the year of their submission is unknown. He
Clans & GenealogyThe Yuan family is listed in Volume 80 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on Manchu banners and the Nikan surnames
People & BiographiesYuan Liangshi appears in Volume 80 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He was a member of the Plain Red Banner's bondservant (baoyi)
Clans & GenealogyYuechuohe was a member of the Sakda clan, a bondservant of the Plain Blue Banner, during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 35 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Geneal
Clans & GenealogyThe Yuerkule clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 50 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banners Manchu Clans, an official compilation of the Qianlong Empe
Clans & GenealogyYue Tuo, also written as Yue Tuo in historical records, was a member of the Qing imperial family and a military figure in the early Qing dynasty. He was the son of Daisha
Clans & GenealogyThe Yuhulu clan is recorded in volume 50 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Its name is said there to derive from a locality, while diff
Clans & GenealogyThe Yuhulu clan is recorded in volume 46 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with families from Yuhulu and other regions. Dayang'a of the
People & Biographies(formerly Yinli), the Kangxi emperor's seventeenth son, was a member of the Qing imperial clan. In 1723, the first year of the Yongzheng reign, he received the title Prin
Eight Banners & InstitutionsYunqiwei, conventionally rendered “Cloud Cavalry Commandant,” was a Qing hereditary military-merit title. Fascicle 117 of the Draft History of Qing places it at the fifth
People & Biographiesemperor's twenty-first son. He accompanied the emperor on journeys beyond the passes late in the Kangxi period. Under Yongzheng he was first granted the rank beizi in 173
People & Biographieswas the Kangxi emperor's third son. He accompanied imperial military expeditions, at one stage administered the Bordered Red Banner's principal camp, and received the tit
People & BiographiesZai Yunlong was a prominent figure in the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Qing Dynasty, whose family had lived in Shenyang for generations. The year of their submission to
Clans & GenealogyZaksu was a member of the Namudulu clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His ancestral home was in Wohe, and he submitted to the Qing Dynasty at t
Clans & GenealogyZakuna was a member of the Kuyala clan of the Plain Blue Banner. Volume 34 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of th
Clans & GenealogyZaqiba was a member of the Shumulu clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Manchus in the early Qing Dynasty, residing in Harmin. Volume Six of the official clan geneal
Clans & GenealogyChanbulu was a member of the Wuya clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 29 of the official Qing Dynasty compilation, the Comprehensive Geneal
Clans & GenealogyChanchadudu was a member of the Xitala clan, belonging to the Plain White Banner, and the grandson of Angguoduli Bayan. Volume 43 of the Qing Dynasty's official compilati
Clans & GenealogyZhahai was a member of the Ayan Gioro clan of the Bordered Blue Banner, residing in Feiyalang'a. He was originally a local minister. Volume 18 of the Qing Dynasty officia
People & BiographiesZha'erjiu was a Guwalgiya leader among the Warka communities, later registered in the Bordered Blue Banner. According to volume 2 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Ma
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhahama clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 60 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianl
People & BiographiesZhaiqi is listed in Volume 55 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy book, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the H
Clans & GenealogyZhaisong was a member of the Lijia clan, a bondservant of the Plain Red Banner, during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 33 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealog
Clans & GenealogyZhakdan is a member of the Bordered White Banner under the "Tong'erluo Clan" section of Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners,
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhala clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation of the Qianlong Empe
Clans & GenealogyZhalakuhashu was a member of the Nara clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Zhang, as recorded in the original genealogy,
Clans & GenealogyZhalan is a member of the Ujara clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner, recorded in Volume 30 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners from the
Clans & GenealogyZhalimu was a member of the Jingheli clan of the Plain Yellow Banner. Volume 36 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of
Clans & GenealogyZhalin was a member of the Saimile clan of the Plain White Banner. Volume 36 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of th
Clans & GenealogyZhan Tai was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Tieling for generations and submitted to the
Clans & GenealogyZhan Tai was a member of the Sikterli clan of the Plain White Banner. Volume 34 of the official Qing dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of
People & BiographiesZhanai was an early Qing Guwalgiya figure of the Plain White Banner whose family came from Suwan. He was the grandson of Ekeqingge, an uncle of the Guwalgiya figure Santa
Clans & GenealogyZhanbulu was a member of the Sakda clan of the Bordered Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 35 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of the Man
People & BiographiesZhang Changyun is a member of the Bordered Yellow Banner's bondservant class, recorded in Volume 75 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banner
People & BiographiesLiaoyang who initially served the Ming dynasty. Under Zu Dashou he held the position of deputy general at Ningyuan. During the siege of Dalinghe in 1631, he surrendered w
People & BiographiesZhang Gongsheng appears in the appendix to Volume 79 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, listed under the Tainikan surname. His statu
Clans & GenealogyAccording to the original text, Zhang Qizheng was a bondservant under the Bordered Blue Banner, whose family had lived in Shenyang for generations, and who came to serve
Clans & GenealogyZhang Shixiao is a member of the Plain White Banner (a bannerman of the Manchu Eight Banners) listed in Volume 75 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans. His
Clans & GenealogyZhang Wuli was a member of the Tatara clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in the Changbai Mountains region for generations an
Clans & GenealogyZhang Xi was a member of the Wanyan clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 28 of the officially compiled the Comprehensive Genealogy of the
Clans & GenealogyZhang Yunjiao appears in Volume 75 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The original entry consis
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhangjin clan is recorded in volume 54 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with families from Feiyalang'a and other places. Song'eli
People & BiographiesZhanuka was a member of the Manchu Murcha clan, belonging to the Plain White Banner. His family had lived in Suifen for generations and submitted to the Qing dynasty at i
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhao family is listed in Volume 80 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the section "Appendix: Surnames of the Nikan People o
Clans & GenealogyZhao Qixin (originally written as "ZhaoQiXin") appears in the Zhao family entry of Volume 76 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He w
People & Biographiesname Junlin, was attached to the Bordered Yellow Hanjun Banner. Following his recognition as a tribute student, he began service early in the Shunzhi reign as magistrate
People & BiographiesZhao Xing: Zhao Xing is a figure recorded in Volume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Jing Yilu family o
Clans & GenealogyZhao Zhenguo, recorded in Volume 76 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, was a member of the Bordered White Banner's bondservant class
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhaojia clan is recorded in volume 31 of the Qianlong-sponsored Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The genealogy says that Zhaojia was orig
People & BiographiesZhaolang is listed in Volume 51 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the entry for the Wendu clan in various regions. He belonged to
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhaolei clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 61 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They orig
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhasuli clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 53 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Their ancestral home w
Clans & GenealogyZhe'erde was a member of the Hadanara clan of the Plain White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Hadan for generations and submitted to the Qin
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhe'erde clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 48 of the Qing Dynasty's official genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners.
Clans & GenealogyZhechuk was a member of the Wuzhala clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 30 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Genea
Clans & Genealogyvolume 15 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Eight Banner Manchu Clans as an Irgen Gioro clansman of the Plain Yellow Banner. His family was associated with Muhelin an
Clans & GenealogyZheng Chaofu is mentioned in the Zheng family entry of Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The book records that he was a b
People & BiographiesZheng Du is a member of the Bordered Yellow Banner under the Zheng family, as recorded in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banner
People & BiographiesZheng Hualong is a figure from the Eight Banners under the Zheng family entry in Volume 77 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. He bel
People & BiographiesZheng Ming was a member of the Bordered Yellow Banner (Baoyi) in the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Shenyang for generations, but the year of their submission is u
Clans & GenealogyZhengteke was a member of the Wuzhala clan of the Bordered White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 30 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive
People & BiographiesZhenzhuken was a member of the Zhasihuli clan of the Plain White Banner. Volume 42 of the official Qing dynasty compilation, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Cla
Clans & GenealogyZhe'ergu was a member of the Namudulu clan in the early Qing Dynasty, belonging to the Plain White Banner. He was of the same clan as Kang Wuli and his ancestral home was
Clans & GenealogyZhezhong E'aita was a member of the Shumulu clan of the Bordered Blue Banner of the Manchus in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Zhusheli for generations an
People & BiographiesZhong Chengguan was a bondservant of the Plain Yellow Banner during the Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Liaoyang for generations, but the year of their submission i
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhong family is recorded in Volume 80 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, under the section on Manchu banners and the Nikan surna
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhongji clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 58 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianlong re
Clans & GenealogyGioro clan registered under the Plain Yellow Banner. His family was associated with Odoli and joined the emerging Manchu polity during its early history. The official Com
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhou family is listed as a Nikan surname within the Manchu banner system in Volume 76 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with nu
Clans & GenealogyZhou Yiqiang (originally written as "Zhou Yiqiang") appears under the Zhou family entry in Volume 76 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banne
People & BiographiesŠumulu clan of the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner. His family was associated with Kurka and with the wider kinship group of the imperial son-in-law Yanggūri. According to vol
Clans & GenealogyAccording to the original entry, Zhu Chenggong was a member of the Plain Blue Banner, whose family had lived in Dalinghe for generations, but the year of his arrival is u
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhu family is listed in Volume 79 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners under the category of Tainikan surnames within the Manchu Ba
Clans & GenealogyZhu Huda was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Xingkan for generations and he was originall
Clans & GenealogyZhu Nai was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in the Changbai Mountains for generations and sub
Clans & GenealogyZhu Ying'e was a member of the Majia clan of the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Manchus in the early Qing Dynasty. His family had lived in Jiamuhu for generations and subm
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhuanta clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 57 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation of the Qianlon
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhuergen clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 57 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. The su
Clans & GenealogyZhuerku was a member of the Zhaojia clan of the Bordered Red Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 31 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Gen
People & BiographiesZhuerku, simplified as Zhuerku, is a member of the Huerha clan recorded in Volume 48 of the Qing Dynasty's official genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu C
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhuersu clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 56 of the officially compiled Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, and its ancestral home
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhuge clan is recorded in volume 55 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners with families in Ula, Ningguta, and Saharca. Zhuoputuo of the
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhuhele clan is listed in volume 60 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with Ula as its historical home. Nutala of the Plain White Ba
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhunqi clan is a Manchu surname recorded in Volume 61 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, an official compilation from the Qianlo
Clans & GenealogyZhunta Baturu was a member of the Tongjia clan, Plain White Banner, and the fourth son of Huerhan, a bodyguard of Darhan. The official Qing dynasty genealogy, The General
Clans & GenealogyZhuntai was a member of the Sakda clan of the Bordered White Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 35 of the official Qing Dynasty genealogy, The Comprehensive Gen
Clans & GenealogyZhuo Duan was a member of the Plain Red Banner of the Xilin Gioro clan, whose family had lived in Fola for generations before submitting to the Qing dynasty at the beginn
People & BiographiesZhuo Henuo was a member of the Taichulu clan, listed in Volume 43 of the Qing Dynasty's official genealogy, The Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight B
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhuojin clan is a Manchu surname listed in Volume 58 of the official genealogy of the Manchu clans of the Eight Banners, compiled during the Qianlong reign. They were
Clans & GenealogyThe Zhuokejia clan appears in volume 56 of the Qianlong-commissioned Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. Its recorded ancestral settlement was Y
Clans & GenealogyZhuoluo was a member of the Koude clan, a bondservant family of the Plain Yellow Banner, in the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 29 of the officially compiled the Comprehensive
Clans & GenealogyZhuone was a member of the Hadanara clan of the Bordered Blue Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. The original genealogy records him as the grandson of Wan, the leader of t
People & BiographiesZhuopute was the second son of Weiqi, a Guwalgiya figure of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Volume 1 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners r
Clans & GenealogyZhurhana was a member of the Namudulu clan of the Bordered Red Banner in the early Qing Dynasty. His ancestral home was in Suifen, and he submitted to the Qing Dynasty at
Clans & GenealogyZhulushierha was a member of the Tatara clan of the Plain White Banner of the Manchus during the early Qing Dynasty. He was of the same clan as Daitukuhali and lived in Z
Clans & GenealogyQimata was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan of the Plain Blue Banner during the early Qing Dynasty. Volume 12 of the official clan genealogy compiled during the Qianlong
People & BiographiesZongde is a member of the Plain White Banner under the Zong clan, as recorded in Volume 78 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. His fa
Clans & GenealogyZongwu appears in Volume 79 of the Qing Dynasty official genealogy, the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners. The original entry for Zongwu co
People & BiographiesZu Dashou, courtesy name Fuyu, was a native of Liaodong and a military figure in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. He served as the Ming general in Ningyuan and Jin
People & BiographiesLinqing in Shandong, was the son of the late-Ming general Zuo Liangyu. During the Southern Ming's Hongguang period, his father led troops downstream along the Yangtze und
People & BiographiesSharhuda, was an early Qing commander of the Guwalgiya clan. His family was associated with Suwan and the Hurha region, and he entered Nurhaci's service with his father G
Clans & GenealogyThe Šumuru clan is treated in volume 6 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, with branches in Kurka, Hunchun, Zhusheli, and other places. O
Clans & GenealogyThe Šušu Gioro clan is described in volume 16 of the Comprehensive Genealogy of Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners, particularly its Yehe branch. Turush of the Bordered Ye