8 available English editorial draft articles.
were seven accusations presented by Nurhaci in 1618, the third year of the Later Jin Tianming reign, as a justification for taking up arms against the Ming dynasty. They
Qing Historygrand wedding in the Qing dynasty comprised formal procedures governing the emperor’s marriage to an empress. The event was not simply a private union. It involved the pu
Qing History“Government by Eight Princes,” or bawang gongzhi, is a retrospective expression often used to characterize collective deliberation among senior beile and banner aristocra
Qing HistoryThe Mulan imperial hunts, often called Mulan xingwei, were organized hunting expeditions undertaken by Qing emperors at the Mulan hunting grounds north of the Great Wall.
Qing Historyestablished by a Manchu ruling house and governed an extensive and changing imperial territory. Its history is conventionally narrated through several distinct transition
Qing Historyalso described as the Yidian Jurchen division (Yidian Nüzhi bu), appear in the History of Liao (Liaoshi), “Treatise on Camps and Guards,” juan 33. The historical graph nü
Qing HistoryTiancong was the reign-era name used by Hong Taiji during the Later Jin period. Its first year corresponded to 1627. Following Nurhaci's death, Hong Taiji succeeded in 16
Qing HistoryTianming (“Heaven's Mandate”) was the reign-era name adopted after Nurhaci established the Jin state in 1616. In Qing historical chronology its eleven years extend from 1